Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011 Apr;79(2):142-52. doi: 10.1037/a0022917.
The prevalence of smoking among gay men is considerably higher than in the general population. To investigate possible causes of this health risk disparity, this study used multilevel modeling of daily diary data to examine the temporal relationship between smoking and both sexual orientation concealment and masculine gender role variables.
Gay (n = 136) and heterosexual (n = 56) university students (mean age = 20.56, SD = 2.13) completed measures of boyhood and current gender nonconformity, as well as daily measures of smoking, negative affect, and masculinity self-consciousness across 9 days. Gay participants additionally indicated the extent to which they concealed their sexual orientation each day.
The same percentage of gay (17.7%; n = 24) and heterosexual (17.9% n = 10) participants smoked over the course of the study. Gay men who smoked, however, smoked on more days across the study, t = 2.20, p < .05. Boyhood gender nonconformity and current masculinity significantly predicted the average odds of smoking for all participants. Daily masculinity self-consciousness also predicted the odds of smoking for all participants, although it predicted those odds more strongly for heterosexual men (b = 1.00, p < .001) than for gay men (b = .31, p = .06). Gay participants' attempts to conceal their sexual orientation on a given day positively predicted their likelihood of smoking that day.
Results suggest the need to consider the role of gender nonconformity, masculinity self-consciousness, and sexual orientation stress in future investigations of smoking among young men.
男同性恋者的吸烟率明显高于普通人群。为了探究这种健康风险差异的可能原因，本研究使用每日日记数据的多层次模型，检验了吸烟与性取向隐瞒和男子气概性别角色变量之间的时间关系。
同性恋（n=136）和异性恋（n=56）大学生（平均年龄=20.56，SD=2.13）完成了童年和当前性别非规范的测量，以及在 9 天内吸烟、负面情绪和男子气概自我意识的每日测量。同性恋参与者还指出了他们每天隐瞒性取向的程度。
在研究过程中，同性恋（17.7%；n=24）和异性恋（17.9%；n=10）参与者的吸烟比例相同。然而，吸烟的男同性恋者在研究过程中吸烟的天数更多，t=2.20，p<.05。童年时期的性别非规范和当前的男子气概显著预测了所有参与者吸烟的平均几率。每日的男子气概自我意识也预测了所有参与者的吸烟几率，但对异性恋男性的预测几率更强（b=1.00，p<.001），而对男同性恋者的预测几率较弱（b=0.31，p=0.06）。同性恋参与者在某一天试图隐瞒自己的性取向，这一天他们吸烟的可能性就会增加。
研究结果表明，在未来对年轻男性吸烟行为的研究中，需要考虑性别非规范、男子气概自我意识和性取向压力的作用。
