Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York 12545, USA.
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011 Mar;1223:58-68. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05942.x.
Widespread use of salts as deicing agents on roads has been perceived as a significant source of environmental and economic damage. Early studies focused on near-road and short-term effects where concentrations can exceed several grams per liter. Evidence is accumulating that the use of salts has significant effects over broader areas, longer time frames, and is affecting a range of ecological processes. Concentrations of NaCl can be elevated throughout an ecosystem to >100 mg Cl(-) /L, which may have nonlethal and possibly subtle effects on sensitive life stages of several organisms. NaCl seems subject to retention within terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, thus prolonging the actual duration of exposure and leading to elevated warm-season concentrations when reproduction may be occurring or other sensitive life stages are present. Many of the alternatives to NaCl reduce some of these negative effects, although are currently cost prohibitive for large-scale use. Some techniques for managing application rates are improvements in technology, while others involve novel mixtures of organic compounds that may have new environmental consequences. The increasing evidence of these widespread and persistent environmental consequences must be brought into decisions on deicing procedures.
广泛使用盐作为道路融雪剂已被认为是对环境和经济造成重大损害的一个重要来源。早期的研究集中在近路和短期影响上，那里的浓度可以超过每升几克。有证据表明，盐的使用在更广泛的地区、更长的时间框架内产生了重大影响，并影响了一系列生态过程。整个生态系统中的 NaCl 浓度可升高到 >100mg Cl(-)/L，这可能对几种生物的敏感生命阶段产生非致命且可能微妙的影响。NaCl 似乎在陆地和水生生态系统中被保留，从而延长了实际暴露时间，并在繁殖可能发生或存在其他敏感生命阶段时导致高温季节浓度升高。许多 NaCl 的替代品减少了其中一些负面影响，尽管目前大规模使用成本过高。一些管理施用量的技术是技术的改进，而另一些则涉及可能具有新环境后果的有机化合物的新混合物。必须将这些广泛而持久的环境后果的日益增多的证据纳入除冰程序的决策中。
