Laboratorium voor Neuro-en Psychofysiologie, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium.
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2011;34:361-88. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113819.
Depth structure, the third dimension of object shape, is extracted from disparity, motion, texture, and shading in the optic array. Gradient-selective neurons play a key role in this process. Such neurons occur in CIP, AIP, TEs, and F5 (for first- or second-order disparity gradients), in MT/V5, in FST (for speed gradients), and in CIP and TEs (for texture gradients). Most of these regions are activated during magnetic resonance scanning in alert monkeys by comparing 3D conditions with the 2D controls for the different cues. Similarities in activation patterns of monkeys and humans tested with identical paradigms suggest that like gradient-selective neurons are found in corresponding human cortical areas. This view gains credence as the homologies between such areas become more evident. Furthermore, 3D shape-processing networks are similar in the two species, with the exception of the greater involvement of human posterior parietal cortex in the extraction of 3D shape from motion. Thus we can begin to understand how depth structure is extracted from motion, disparity, and texture in the primate brain, but the extraction of depth structure from shading and that of wire-like objects requires further scrutiny.
深度结构，即物体形状的第三个维度，是从视差、运动、纹理和阴影中提取出来的。在这个过程中，梯度选择神经元起着关键作用。这种神经元存在于 CIP、AIP、TEs 和 F5（用于一阶或二阶视差梯度）、MT/V5、FST（用于速度梯度）以及 CIP 和 TEs（用于纹理梯度）中。在警觉猴子的磁共振扫描中，通过将 3D 条件与不同线索的 2D 对照进行比较，这些区域中的大多数都会被激活。在使用相同范式测试的猴子和人类的激活模式相似，这表明在相应的人类皮质区域中也存在类似的梯度选择神经元。随着这些区域之间的同源性变得更加明显，这种观点得到了更多的认可。此外，两种物种的 3D 形状处理网络相似，除了人类后顶叶皮层在从运动中提取 3D 形状方面的参与度更高之外。因此，我们可以开始了解灵长类动物大脑如何从运动、视差和纹理中提取深度结构，但从阴影和线状物体中提取深度结构需要进一步研究。
