Department of Psychology, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Apr;19(2):105-15. doi: 10.1037/a0022937.
This study investigated the independent and interactive effects of nicotine dose and nicotine dose expectancy on smoking outcomes using a 2 (given nicotine vs. placebo) × 2 (told nicotine vs. placebo) Balanced Placebo Design (BPD). Smokers (N = 148) completed the Rapid Visual Information Processing Task (RVIP) and measures of smoking urge, mood, and cigarette ratings (e.g., satisfying) after smoking a nicotine or placebo cigarette crossed with instructions that the cigarette contained either nicotine or no nicotine. Nicotine cigarettes (0.6 mg nicotine) produced better sustained attention performance than placebos as indicated by RVIP reaction time, hits, and sensitivity (A'). Nicotine cigarettes also produced better mood and greater rewarding subjective effects of the cigarettes on 11 of 11 dimensions compared to placebos. Nicotine instructions resulted in fewer RVIP false alarms, better mood, and greater rewarding subjective effects of the cigarettes on 9 of 11 dimensions compared to placebo instructions. Nicotine dose by nicotine dose expectancy interactions were also observed for urge and tension-anxiety, such that the dose expectancy manipulation produced differential effects only among those who smoked placebo cigarettes. In contrast a significant interaction for self-reported vigor-activity demonstrated that the dose expectancy manipulation produced effects only among those who smoked nicotine cigarettes. This study provides additional evidence that nicotine improves cognitive performance, and provides initial evidence that denicotinized cigarettes smoked under the guise that they contain nicotine influence cognitive performance, albeit with less robust effects than nicotine. These data may inform the development of expectancy-based interventions for tobacco dependence.
本研究采用 2（给予尼古丁与安慰剂）×2（告知尼古丁与安慰剂）平衡安慰剂设计（BPD），考察了尼古丁剂量和尼古丁剂量预期对吸烟结果的独立和交互作用。148 名吸烟者在吸烟尼古丁或安慰剂香烟后，完成了快速视觉信息处理任务（RVIP）和吸烟欲望、情绪以及香烟评分（如满足感）的测量，这些香烟的指示是它们含有尼古丁或不含尼古丁。尼古丁香烟（0.6 毫克尼古丁）比安慰剂产生更好的持续注意力表现，表现在 RVIP 反应时间、击中率和敏感性（A'）上。与安慰剂相比，尼古丁香烟还产生了更好的情绪，并在 11 个维度中的 11 个维度上产生了更大的香烟奖励主观效应。与安慰剂指示相比，尼古丁指示导致更少的 RVIP 错误警报、更好的情绪以及更大的香烟奖励主观效应，在 11 个维度中的 9 个维度上。对于欲望和紧张焦虑，也观察到了尼古丁剂量与尼古丁剂量预期的相互作用，即剂量预期操作仅在那些吸安慰剂香烟的人中产生了不同的效果。相比之下，自我报告的活力-活动的显著相互作用表明，剂量预期操作仅在那些吸尼古丁香烟的人中产生了影响。这项研究提供了额外的证据表明尼古丁改善了认知表现，并提供了初步证据表明，以含有尼古丁为幌子吸食去尼古丁化香烟会影响认知表现，尽管效果不如尼古丁那么明显。这些数据可能为基于期望的烟草依赖干预措施的发展提供信息。
