Estrogen receptor α is involved in the induction of Calbindin-D(9k) and progesterone receptor by parabens in GH3 cells: a biomarker gene for screening xenoestrogens.

The effects of paraben, a xenoestrogen with known endocrine disrupting bioactivity were evaluated. We used the induction of an estrogenic biomarker gene - Calbindin-D(9k) (CaBP-9k) to investigate the xenoestrogenic activity of a panel of parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, isopropyl-, butyl-, and isobutylparabens) in GH3 rat pituitary cancer cell line. Following 24-h treatment, a significant increase in CaBP-9k expression of transcript and protein was dependent on the concentration-treated as well as the linear length of the alkyl chain from methyl- to isobutylparabens. Interestingly, co-treatment with fulvestrant, a pure antiestrogen largely reversed the paraben-dependent induction of CaBP-9k mRNA and protein in GH3 cell line. To better understand the mechanism of CaBP-9k induction by these endocrine disrupting compounds, we measured the levels of estrogen receptor (ERα) and progesterone receptor (PR) expression following parabens exposure. Also, we monitored the transiently transfected with plasmids containing of estrogen response element (ERE) sequence into GH3. In the GH3 cells, a large increase in PR mRNA and protein was observed in a concentration-dependent manner after parabens treatment that was effectively blocked in the presence of antagonist of 17β-estradiol (fulvestrant). And, luciferase activity was expressed from the putative ERE and expression was stimulated by parabens. To confirm that ERα signaling is involved in parabens induction of CaBP-9k and PR mRNA and protein, we treated GH3 cells with an antiestrogen, fulvestrant, which blocked the paraben-induced upregulation of CaBP-9k and PR. Taken together, these results indicate that CaBP-9k and PR is induced by parabens via the ER pathway in GH3 cell line.