School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
Rev Neurosci. 2011;22(2):205-29. doi: 10.1515/RNS.2011.023.
Memories are fragile and easily forgotten at first, but after a consolidation period of hours to weeks, are inscribed in our brains as stable traces, no longer vulnerable to conventional amnesic treatments. Retrieval of a memory renders it labile, akin to the early stages of consolidation. This phenomenon has been explored as memory reactivation, in the sense that the memory is temporarily 'deconsolidated', allowing a short time window for amnesic intervention. This window closes again after reconsolidation, which restores the stability of the memory. In contrast to this 'transient deconsolidation' and the short-spanned amnesic effects of consolidation blockers, some specific treatments can disrupt even consolidated memory, leading to apparent amnesia. We propose the term 'amnesic deconsolidation' to describe such processes that lead to disruption of consolidated memory and/or consolidated memory traces. We review studies of these 'amnesic deconsolidation' treatments that enhance memory extinction, alleviate relapse, and reverse learning-induced plasticity. The transient deconsolidation that memory retrieval induces and the amnesic deconsolidation that these regimes induce both seem to dislodge a component that stabilizes consolidated memory. Characterizing this component, at both molecular and network levels, will provide a key to developing clinical treatments for memory-related disorders and to defining the consolidated memory trace.
记忆起初是脆弱且容易遗忘的，但经过数小时到数周的巩固期后，它们会被铭刻在我们的大脑中成为稳定的痕迹，不再容易受到传统失忆治疗的影响。记忆的检索使其不稳定，类似于巩固的早期阶段。这种现象被探索为记忆再激活，因为记忆被暂时“去巩固”，从而为失忆干预留出短暂的时间窗口。在再次巩固后，这个窗口再次关闭，恢复了记忆的稳定性。与这种“短暂去巩固”和巩固阻滞剂的短暂失忆效应不同，一些特定的治疗方法可以破坏甚至已巩固的记忆，导致明显的失忆。我们提出“失忆去巩固”这个术语来描述导致巩固记忆和/或巩固记忆痕迹破坏的过程。我们回顾了这些“失忆去巩固”治疗方法的研究，这些方法增强了记忆的消退、缓解了复发，并逆转了学习诱导的可塑性。记忆检索诱导的短暂去巩固和这些治疗方法诱导的失忆去巩固似乎都扰乱了稳定巩固记忆的一个组成部分。在分子和网络水平上对这个组成部分进行表征，将为开发与记忆相关的疾病的临床治疗方法以及定义巩固的记忆痕迹提供关键。
