Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, 52 Grodzka str., 31-044 Cracow, Poland.
J Plant Physiol. 2011 Jul 15;168(11):1191-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.01.033. Epub 2011 Apr 13.
Violets of the sections Melanium were examined for their colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Heartsease (Viola tricolor) from several heavy metal soils was AMF-positive at many sites but not at extreme biomes. The zinc violets Viola lutea ssp. westfalica (blue zinc violet) and ssp. calaminaria (yellow zinc violet) were always AMF-positive on heavy metal soils as their natural habitats. As shown for the blue form, zinc violets germinate independently of AMF and can be grown in non-polluted garden soils. Thus the zinc violets are obligatorily neither mycotrophs nor metalophytes. The alpine V. lutea, likely ancestor of the zinc violets, was at best poorly colonized by AMF. As determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, the contents of Zn and Pb were lower in AMF colonized plants than in the heavy metal soils from where the samples had been taken. AMF might prevent the uptake of toxic levels of heavy metals into the plant organs. Dithizone staining indicated a differential deposition of heavy metals in tissues of heartsease. Leaf hairs were particularly rich in heavy metals, indicating that part of the excess of heavy metals is sequestered into these cells.
对 Melanium 部分的堇菜属植物进行了丛枝菌根真菌 (AMF) 定殖的研究。来自几种重金属土壤的心叶堇菜在许多地方都是 AMF 阳性，但在极端生物群系中则不是。锌堇菜 Viola lutea ssp. westfalica（蓝色锌堇菜）和 ssp. calaminaria（黄色锌堇菜）在重金属土壤上始终是 AMF 阳性，因为它们是自然栖息地。如蓝色形式所示，锌堇菜独立于 AMF 萌发，并且可以在未受污染的花园土壤中生长。因此，锌堇菜既不是真菌营养体也不是金属营养体。高山堇菜 V. lutea 可能是锌堇菜的祖先，其丛枝菌根真菌的定殖情况充其量也很差。原子吸收光谱法测定结果表明，AMF 定殖植物中的 Zn 和 Pb 含量低于其取自的重金属土壤。AMF 可能会阻止植物器官吸收有毒水平的重金属。二硫腙染色表明心叶堇菜组织中重金属的沉积存在差异。叶毛特别富含重金属，表明部分多余的重金属被隔离到这些细胞中。
