Laboratory for Optics and Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7645, and Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U696, Palaiseau, France.
Curr Top Dev Biol. 2011;95:33-66. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-385065-2.00002-5.
Embryonic development involves the cellular integration of chemical and physical stimuli. A key physical input is the mechanical stress generated during embryonic morphogenesis. This process necessitates tensile forces at the tissue scale such as during axis elongation and budding, as well as at the cellular scale when cells migrate and contract. Furthermore, cells can generate forces using motile cilia to produce flow. Cilia-driven flows are critical throughout embryonic development but little is known about the diversity of the forces they exert and the role of the mechanical stresses they generate. In this chapter, through an examination of zebrafish development, we highlight what is known about the role of hydrodynamics mediated by beating cilia and examine the physical features of flow fields from the modeling and experimental perspectives. We review imaging strategies to visualize and quantify beating cilia and the flow they generate in vivo. Finally, we describe the function of hydrodynamics during left-right embryonic patterning and inner ear development. Ideally, continued progress in these areas will help to address a key conceptual problem in developmental biology, which is to understand the interplay between environmental constraints and genetic control during morphogenesis.
胚胎发育涉及化学和物理刺激的细胞整合。一个关键的物理输入是胚胎形态发生过程中产生的机械应力。这个过程需要在组织尺度上产生张力，例如在轴伸长和萌芽期间，以及在细胞迁移和收缩时在细胞尺度上产生张力。此外，细胞可以使用运动纤毛产生力来产生流动。纤毛驱动的流动在整个胚胎发育过程中至关重要，但对于它们施加的力的多样性以及它们产生的机械应力的作用知之甚少。在本章中，通过对斑马鱼发育的研究，我们强调了纤毛拍打介导的流体动力学的作用，并从建模和实验的角度研究了流场的物理特征。我们回顾了用于可视化和量化体内拍打纤毛及其产生的流动的成像策略。最后，我们描述了流体动力学在左右胚胎模式形成和内耳发育过程中的作用。理想情况下，这些领域的持续进展将有助于解决发育生物学中的一个关键概念问题，即理解形态发生过程中环境约束和遗传控制之间的相互作用。
