Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, and Center for Health and Behavior, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
Health Psychol. 2011 Sep;30(5):510-24. doi: 10.1037/a0023127.
Three motivational profiles have been associated with recurring psychological stress in low-income youth and young adults: Striving to control others (agonistic striving), striving to control the self (transcendence striving), and not asserting control (dissipated striving). Agonistic striving has been associated with elevated ambulatory blood pressure during daily activities. Three studies tested the hypotheses that: (1) agonistic striving is associated with poor anger regulation, and (2) agonistic striving and poor anger regulation interactively elevate blood pressure.
Motivational profiles, anger regulation, and ambulatory blood pressure were assessed in a multiethnic sample of 264 urban youth.
(1) anger regulation/recovery during laboratory challenge; (2) anger/blood pressure during daily activities (48 hours).
Replication of the profiles in distant cities showed they occur with similar frequency across differences of region, race, and gender. Analyses controlling for body size, race, and gender revealed that individuals with the agonistic striving profile had higher ambulatory pressure, especially during social encounters. They became more openly angry and aggressive when challenged but did not exhibit difficulty regulating anger in the laboratory, nor did they feel angrier during monitoring. However, individuals with the agonistic striving profile who did display poor anger regulation in the lab had the highest blood pressure; deficient self-regulatory capability amplified the positive association between agonistic striving and cardiovascular risk in both genders and all ethnic groups. Although anger is thought to increase cardiovascular risk, present findings suggest that anger and elevated blood pressure are coeffects of agonistic struggles to control others.
已有研究将与低收入青年和年轻人反复出现心理压力相关的三种动机特征模式确定为：控制他人的努力（对抗性努力）、控制自我的努力（超越性努力）和不主张控制的努力（放纵性努力）。对抗性努力与日常活动中的动态血压升高有关。三项研究检验了以下假设：（1）对抗性努力与不良的愤怒调节有关，（2）对抗性努力和不良的愤怒调节会相互作用，从而使血压升高。
在一个多民族的 264 名城市青年样本中评估了动机特征模式、愤怒调节和动态血压。
（1）实验室挑战期间的愤怒调节/恢复情况；（2）日常活动（48 小时）期间的愤怒/血压情况。
在不同城市复制这些特征模式表明，它们在不同地区、种族和性别差异中以相似的频率出现。对体型、种族和性别进行控制的分析表明，具有对抗性努力特征模式的个体在日常社交中具有更高的动态血压。他们在受到挑战时会变得更加公开地生气和具有攻击性，但在实验室中没有表现出愤怒调节困难，也没有在监测期间感到更生气。然而，在实验室中表现出愤怒调节不良的具有对抗性努力特征模式的个体血压最高；自我调节能力的缺陷放大了男性和所有种族群体中对抗性努力与心血管风险之间的正相关关系。尽管愤怒被认为会增加心血管风险，但目前的研究结果表明，愤怒和血压升高是控制他人的对抗性斗争的共同作用。
