Few Martha
Department of History, Social Sciences 215, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
Br J Hist Sci. 2010 Dec;43(159 Pt 4):519-37. doi: 10.1017/s000708741000124x.
Drawing on the rich but mostly overlooked history of Guatemala's anti-smallpox campaigns in the 1780s and 1790s, this paper interweaves an analysis of the contribution of colonial medical knowledges and practical experiences with the construction and implementation of imperial science. The history of the anti-smallpox campaigns is traced from the introduction of inoculation in Guatemala in 1780 to the eve of the Spanish Crown-sponsored Royal Maritime Vaccination Expedition in 1803. The paper first analyses the development of what Guatemalan medical physician José Flores called his 'local method' of inoculation, tailored to material and cultural conditions of highland Maya communities, and based on his more than twenty years of experience in anti-smallpox campaigns among multiethnic populations in Guatemala. Then the paper probes the accompanying transformations in discourses about health through the anti-smallpox campaigns as they became explicitly linked to new discourses of moral responsibility towards indigenous peoples. With the launch of the Spanish Vaccination Expedition in 1803, anti-smallpox efforts bridged the New World, Europe and Asia, and circulated on a global scale via the enactment of imperial Spanish health policy informed, in no small part, by New World and specifically colonial Guatemalan experiences with inoculation in multiethnic cities and highland Maya towns.
本文借鉴了危地马拉18世纪80年代和90年代抗天花运动丰富但大多被忽视的历史，将对殖民医学知识和实践经验的贡献分析与帝国科学的构建和实施交织在一起。抗天花运动的历史可追溯到1780年接种法引入危地马拉，直至1803年西班牙王室赞助的皇家海上疫苗接种远征前夕。本文首先分析了危地马拉医生何塞·弗洛雷斯所称的适合高地玛雅社区物质和文化条件、基于他在危地马拉多民族人群中二十多年抗天花运动经验的接种“本土方法”的发展。接着，本文探究了抗天花运动期间健康话语随之发生的转变，因为这些运动与针对土著人民的新道德责任话语明确联系在了一起。随着1803年西班牙疫苗接种远征的启动，抗天花努力跨越了新世界、欧洲和亚洲，并通过西班牙帝国卫生政策的实施在全球范围内传播，而该政策在很大程度上是受新世界特别是殖民时期危地马拉在多民族城市和高地玛雅城镇接种经验的影响。
