Centre for Environmental and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Scarborough, YO11 3AZ, UK.
Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Jun 15;45(12):5147-55. doi: 10.1021/es200850y. Epub 2011 May 18.
This paper identifies the spatial extent of bauxite processing residue (red mud)-derived contaminants and modes of transport within the Marcal and Rába river systems after the dike failure at Ajka, western Hungary. The geochemical signature of the red mud is apparent throughout the 3076 km² Marcal system principally with elevated Al, V, As, and Mo. Elevated concentrations of Cr, Ga, and Ni are also observed within 2 km of the source areas in aqueous and particulate phases where hyperalkalinity (pH < 13.1) is apparent. Although the concentrations of some trace elements exceed aquatic life standards in waters (e.g., V, As) and fluvial sediments (As, Cr, Ni, V), the spatial extent of these is limited to the Torna Creek and part of the upper Marcal. Source samples show a bimodal particle size distribution (peaks at 0.7 and 1.3 μm) which lends the material to ready fluvial transport. Where elevated concentrations are found in fluvial sediments, sequential extraction suggests the bulk of the As, Cr, Ni, and V are associated with residual (aqua-regia/HF digest) phases and unlikely to be mobile in the environment. However, at some depositional hotspots, association of As, Cr, and V with weak acid-extractable phases is observed.
本文确定了匈牙利西部阿伊卡堤坝决堤后，在马尔卡和拉巴河流域内，铝土矿加工残渣（红泥）衍生污染物的空间范围及其运输方式。红泥的地球化学特征在整个 3076 平方公里的马尔卡系统中都很明显，主要表现为 Al、V、As 和 Mo 的含量升高。在距离源区 2 公里范围内的水相和颗粒相中，也观察到 Cr、Ga 和 Ni 的浓度升高，其中碱性过高（pH<13.1）。尽管一些痕量元素的浓度在水中（如 V、As）和河流沉积物（As、Cr、Ni、V）中超过了水生生物标准，但这些元素的空间范围仅限于特诺尔卡河和马尔卡河的上游部分。源样品显示出双峰的粒径分布（峰值分别在 0.7 和 1.3 μm），这使得该物质易于进行河流输送。在河流沉积物中发现浓度升高的地方，连续提取表明，As、Cr、Ni 和 V 的大部分与残留（王水/HF 消解）相有关，在环境中不太可能迁移。然而，在一些沉积热点地区，观察到 As、Cr 和 V 与弱酸可提取相有关。
