Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, and IRCCS Auxological Institute, Milan, Italy.
Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2011 Oct;21(5):618-49. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2011.574050. Epub 2011 May 27.
Studies showing facilitation of behavioural performance by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in sensory and perceptual domains, spatial attention, working memory, and executive and emotional tasks are reviewed. In these domains the performance of neurologically unimpaired participants may be modulated, with behavioural facilitation or interference, by TMS, and by tDCS. The mapping of the frequency-dependent effects of TMS, and of the polarity-dependent effects of tDCS on behaviour does not systematically and mechanistically result in an increase or decrease of behavioural performance. Factors such as the parameters of the cerebral stimulation (localisation, duration, intensity), and the features of the task (complexity, phase of training) contribute to determine the final net effect on the participants' performance. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), which modulates learning, and appears to have, under some conditions, long lasting effects, is a promising tool to be used in the rehabilitation of a variety of neurological and cognitive disorders, that typically involve repeated behavioural training sessions.
本文综述了经颅磁刺激（TMS）和经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）在感觉和知觉领域、空间注意力、工作记忆以及执行和情绪任务中促进行为表现的研究。在这些领域，神经功能正常的参与者的表现可以通过 TMS 和 tDCS 进行调节，从而实现行为的促进或干扰。TMS 的频率依赖性效应以及 tDCS 的极性依赖性效应在行为上的映射并没有系统地和机械地导致行为表现的增加或减少。诸如大脑刺激的参数（定位、持续时间、强度）和任务的特征（复杂性、训练阶段）等因素有助于确定对参与者表现的最终净效应。非侵入性脑刺激（NIBS）可以调节学习，并且在某些条件下似乎具有持久的效果，是一种很有前途的工具，可以用于治疗各种涉及重复行为训练的神经和认知障碍。
