Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 31-121 Krakow, Poland.
J Dairy Sci. 2011 Jun;94(6):3002-13. doi: 10.3168/jds.2010-3499.
The objective of the study was to determine the effect of different liquid feeds on calf small intestine and rumen development. Twenty-one bull calves (5 ± 1 d old) were randomly allocated to 3 groups and fed whole milk (WM), milk replacer (MR; 22% CP and 17.5% fat), or MR supplemented with sodium butyrate (MR+SB; 0.3% as fed). Liquid feed dry matter intake was equal between treatments and amounted to 1% of BW at the beginning of the trial. Starter diet was offered ad libitum. Animals were slaughtered at 26 (± 1) d of age. Calves fed WM had higher average daily gain in the whole trial and higher starter diet dry matter intake between d 15 to 21 of the trial as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB. Calves fed MR lost on average 1.4 kg of BW within first 14 d of the trial and their BW tended to be lower at d 7, 14, and 21 of the study as compared with calves fed MR+SB. The empty jejunum and ileum weight, crypt depth, mitotic index in the middle jejunum were higher, and apoptotic index tended to be lower in calves fed WM as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB. Calves fed WM also had higher aminopeptidase N activity in the middle jejunum and tended to have higher maltase activity in the distal jejunum as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB. The mitotic index was higher and apoptotic index was lower in the middle jejunum, and aminopeptidase A activity tended to be higher in the distal jejunum of calves fed MR+SB as compared with those fed MR. Calves fed WM had greater papillae length and width, and tended to have greater muscle layer thickness as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB. Reticulorumen weight, reticulorumen weight expressed as percent of whole stomach weight, and papillae length and width were higher in calves fed MR+SB as compared with those fed MR. Additionally, calves fed WM had higher plasma glucose and urea in the whole trial period as compared with calves fed MR and MR+SB, and plasma glucose was higher in calves fed MR+SB as compared with those fed MR. Significant positive Pearson correlations were found between small intestine and reticulorumen weights as well as between activity of brush border lactase, maltase, aminopeptidase A, and aminopeptidase N and reticulorumen weight. Different liquid feeds affect small intestine development, animal growth, solid feed intake and metabolic status of calves and this effect can indirectly influence the development of forestomachs.
本研究旨在确定不同液体饲料对犊牛小肠和瘤胃发育的影响。21 头公牛犊（5±1 日龄）随机分为 3 组，分别饲喂全乳（WM）、代乳料（MR；22%CP 和 17.5%脂肪）或补充丁酸钠的代乳料（MR+SB；以干物质计 0.3%）。各处理组液体饲料干物质采食量相同，试验开始时占体重的 1%。自由采食开食料。动物在 26（±1）日龄时屠宰。与饲喂 MR 和 MR+SB 的犊牛相比，饲喂 WM 的犊牛在整个试验期的平均日增重更高，在试验第 15 至 21 天的开食料干物质采食量也更高。饲喂 MR 的犊牛在试验的前 14 天平均减重 1.4kg，其体重在第 7、14 和 21 天均低于饲喂 MR+SB 的犊牛。与饲喂 MR 和 MR+SB 的犊牛相比，饲喂 WM 的犊牛空肠和回肠的重量、隐窝深度、中肠的有丝分裂指数更高，凋亡指数更低。与饲喂 MR 和 MR+SB 的犊牛相比，饲喂 WM 的犊牛中肠的氨基肽酶 N 活性更高，回肠末端的麦芽糖酶活性也更高。与饲喂 MR 的犊牛相比，饲喂 MR+SB 的犊牛中肠的有丝分裂指数更高，凋亡指数更低，回肠末端的氨基肽酶 A 活性更高。与饲喂 MR 和 MR+SB 的犊牛相比，饲喂 WM 的犊牛的乳头长度和宽度更大，肌层厚度更大。与饲喂 MR 的犊牛相比，饲喂 MR+SB 的犊牛皱胃重量、皱胃重量占整个胃重量的百分比、乳头长度和宽度更高。此外，与饲喂 MR 和 MR+SB 的犊牛相比，饲喂 WM 的犊牛整个试验期的血浆葡萄糖和尿素含量更高，饲喂 MR+SB 的犊牛的血浆葡萄糖含量更高。小肠和皱胃重量、刷状缘乳糖酶、麦芽糖酶、氨基肽酶 A 和氨基肽酶 N 的活性与皱胃重量之间存在显著的正皮尔逊相关关系。不同的液体饲料会影响犊牛小肠的发育、动物的生长、固体饲料的采食量以及代谢状态，这种影响可能会间接影响前胃的发育。
