Persistence of porcine parvovirus in swine infected in utero and followed through maturity.

The potential of porcine parvovirus (PPV) to persistently infect swine exposed in utero was studied. Forty eight 80- to 95-day-old fetuses from 5 PPV seropositive sows were inoculated intramusculary with a virulent strain of PPV or with cell culture medium (controls). Blood samples were collected at birth prior to nursing and at monthly intervals thereafter and tested for antibodies to PPV. Virus-inoculated and control pigs were euthanized at either 1 week before birth (-1), at birth (0) and at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 22, and 28 after birth. Presence of viral DNA and antigen was evaluated using slot blot DNA hybridization and indirect FA techniques, respectively. All inoculated fetuses (n = 26) and 7 control fetuses (n = 22) seroconverted in utero, and these pigs maintained antibody titers greater than log10 2 for the period of testing (0-38 weeks after birth). After passive antibody titers had reached subdetectable levels in control animals, animals remained seronegative through an additional 14 weeks of testing in spite of close contact with infected pigs. Virus antigen was not detected in any tissues examined from pigs euthanized at term. In contrast, PPV DNA was detected consistently from pigs at birth from various tissues, and from the lung of one pig at 6 weeks of age and from the lymph nodes of one pig euthanized at 28 weeks of age. The results indicate that pigs infected with PPV in utero may be persistently infected, however the likelihood of shedding to contact animals is minimal.