Multiplanar phalangeal and metatarsal osteotomies for hallux rigidus.

Many articles have been published on the various treatments of hallux rigidus/limitus but few, if any, have focused solely on the osteotomies performed in the treatment of this disorder and provided a thorough review of the literature and critique of the procedures. Here, we describe the most commonly used, most widely accepted, and most effective osteotomies in the treatment of hallux limitus/rigidus. Along with this discussion are figures and tables to make the information accessible and user friendly. Among the procedures discussed are Keller arthroplasty, Keller interpositional arthroplasty, Bonney-Kessel, Mayo-Stone, Regnauld, Youngswick, Watermann, Watermann-Green, tricorrectional metatarsal osteotomy, sagittal V, LADO (long-arm decompression osteotomy), Drago, Lambrinudi (plantarflexory closing base wedge osteotomy), sagittal Scarf/sagittal Z, and Weil/Mau/distal oblique osteotomy.