U.S. Geological Survey California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819-6129, USA.
Sci Total Environ. 2011 Aug 15;409(18):3409-17. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.05.053.
Pharmaceutical compounds were detected at low concentrations in 2.3% of 1231 samples of groundwater (median depth to top of screened interval in wells=61 m) used for public drinking-water supply in California. Samples were collected statewide for the California State Water Resources Control Board's Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) Program. Of 14 pharmaceutical compounds analyzed, 7 were detected at concentrations greater than or equal to method detection limits: acetaminophen (used as an analgesic, detection frequency 0.32%, maximum concentration 1.89 μg/L), caffeine (stimulant, 0.24%, 0.29 μg/L), carbamazepine (mood stabilizer, 1.5%, 0.42 μg/L), codeine (opioid analgesic, 0.16%, 0.214 μg/L), p-xanthine (caffeine metabolite, 0.08%, 0.12 μg/L), sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic, 0.41%, 0.17 μg/L), and trimethoprim (antibiotic, 0.08%, 0.018 μg/L). Detection frequencies of pesticides (33%), volatile organic compounds not including trihalomethanes (23%), and trihalomethanes (28%) in the same 1231 samples were significantly higher. Median detected concentration of pharmaceutical compounds was similar to those of volatile organic compounds, and higher than that of pesticides. Pharmaceutical compounds were detected in 3.3% of the 855 samples containing modern groundwater (tritium activity>0.2 TU). Pharmaceutical detections were significantly positively correlated with detections of urban-use herbicides and insecticides, detections of volatile organic compounds, and percentage of urban land use around wells. Groundwater from the Los Angeles metropolitan area had higher detection frequencies of pharmaceuticals and other anthropogenic compounds than groundwater from other areas of the state with similar proportions of urban land use. The higher detection frequencies may reflect that groundwater flow systems in Los Angeles area basins are dominated by engineered recharge and intensive groundwater pumping.
在加利福尼亚州用于公共饮用水供应的 1231 个地下水样本中（井中筛管段的顶部的中位深度为 61 米），有 2.3%的样本检测到低浓度的药物化合物。这些样本是为加利福尼亚州水资源控制委员会的地下水环境监测和评估（GAMA）计划在全州范围内采集的。在所分析的 14 种药物化合物中，有 7 种的浓度高于或等于方法检测限：对乙酰氨基酚（用作镇痛药，检测频率为 0.32%，最高浓度为 1.89μg/L）、咖啡因（兴奋剂，0.24%，0.29μg/L）、卡马西平（情绪稳定剂，1.5%，0.42μg/L）、可待因（阿片类镇痛药，0.16%，0.214μg/L）、嘌呤（咖啡因代谢物，0.08%，0.12μg/L）、磺胺甲恶唑（抗生素，0.41%，0.17μg/L）和甲氧苄啶（抗生素，0.08%，0.018μg/L）。在同一 1231 个样本中，农药（33%）、不包括三卤甲烷的挥发性有机化合物（23%）和三卤甲烷（28%）的检测频率明显更高。药物化合物的检测中位数浓度与挥发性有机化合物相似，高于农药。在 855 个含有现代地下水（氚活度>0.2 TU）的样本中，有 3.3%的样本检测到药物化合物。药物检测与城市用途除草剂和杀虫剂、挥发性有机化合物以及井周围城市土地利用的百分比的检测呈显著正相关。与城市土地利用比例相似的该州其他地区相比，来自洛杉矶大都市区的地下水的药物和其他人为化合物的检测频率更高。较高的检测频率可能反映出洛杉矶地区盆地的地下水流动系统主要由人工补给和密集的地下水抽取所主导。
