IMDEA Agua, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Water, Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
IMDEA Agua, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Water, Parque Científico Tecnológico de la Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; University of Alcalá, Geography and Geology Department, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2014 May 15;481:280-95. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.053. Epub 2014 Mar 4.
This paper provides the first review of the occurrence of 161 emerging organic compounds (EOCs) in Italian surface water and groundwater. The reported EOCs belong to the groups of industrials, pharmaceuticals, estrogens and illicit drugs. Occurrence of 137 pesticides was also reported. The reviewed research works have been published between 1997 and 2013. The majority of the studies have been carried out in Northern Italy (n. 30) and to a lower extent in Central Italy (n. 13). Only a limited number of research studies report EOC concentrations in water resources of Southern Italy. The EOCs that have been more frequently studied are in the following descending order, pesticides (16), pharmaceuticals (15), industrials (13), estrogens (7) and illicit drugs (2). Research activities investigating the EOC occurrence in surface water are more numerous than those in groundwater. This is consistent with the higher complexity involved in groundwater sampling and EOC detection. Among the reported EOCs, industrials and pesticides are those occurring in both surface water and groundwater with the highest concentrations (up to 15 × 10(6) and 4.78 × 0(5)ng L(-1), respectively). Concentrations of pharmaceuticals in surface water reach a maximum of 3.59 × 10(3)ng L(-1), whereas only the antimicrobial agent josamycin has been encountered in groundwater with a concentration higher than 100 ng L(-1). Both estrogens and illicit drugs appeared in surface water with concentrations lower than 50 ng L(-1). Groundwater concentrations for estrogens were measured to be below the detection limits, whereas illicit drugs have so far not been studied in groundwater. The present review reveals the serious contamination status of Italian surface water and groundwater especially by pesticides, industrials and to a lower extent by pharmaceuticals and the necessity to foster the research on EOC occurrence in Italian water resources, in particular in Southern Italy where a limited number of investigations currently exist.
本文首次综述了意大利地表水和地下水中 161 种新兴有机化合物（EOCs）的检出情况。所报道的 EOCs 属于工业化学品、药品、雌激素和非法药物。同时还报道了 137 种农药的检出情况。综述中所涉及的研究工作发表于 1997 年至 2013 年期间。其中，大部分研究（n=30）集中在意大利北部，在意大利中部开展的研究相对较少（n=13）。仅有少数研究报告了意大利南部水资源中 EOC 的浓度情况。在已研究过的 EOC 中，最常见的依次为农药（16 种）、药品（15 种）、工业化学品（13 种）、雌激素（7 种）和非法药物（2 种）。调查地表水 EOC 检出情况的研究活动多于地下水。这与地下水采样和 EOC 检测的更高复杂性一致。在所报道的 EOC 中，在地表水和地下水中检出浓度最高的是工业化学品和农药（分别高达 15×10^6 和 4.78×10^-5ng/L）。地表水中药品的浓度最高可达 3.59×10^3ng/L，而只有抗菌药物交沙霉素在地下水中的浓度超过 100ng/L。雌激素和非法药物均在地表水中检出，但浓度均低于 50ng/L。地下水雌激素浓度低于检出限，而非法药物目前尚未在地下水中进行研究。本综述揭示了意大利地表水和地下水，尤其是受农药、工业化学品以及在较小程度上受药品污染的严重状况，同时也突显了加强意大利水资源中 EOC 出现情况研究的必要性，特别是在目前仅有少量调查研究的意大利南部地区。
