Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University.
Cogn Sci. 2005 May 6;29(3):493-524. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog0000_24.
Most accounts of the Stroop effect (Stroop, 1935) emphasize its negative aspect, namely, that in particular situations, processing of an irrelevant stimulus dimension interferes with participants' performance of the instructed task. In contrast, this paper emphasizes the fact that, even with that interference, participants actually can (and usually do) exert enough control to perform the instructed task. An Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) model of the Stroop task interprets this as a kind of learned strategic control. Specifically, the concept of utility is applied to the two processes that compete in the Stroop task, and a utility-learning mechanism serves to update the corresponding utility values according to experience and hence influence the competition. This model both accounts for various extant Stroop results and makes novel predictions about when people can reduce their susceptibility to Stroop interference. These predictions are tested in three experiments that involve a double-response variant of the Stroop task.
大多数关于斯特鲁普效应（Stroop，1935）的描述都强调了其负面方面，即，在特定情况下，对不相关刺激维度的处理会干扰参与者完成指令任务的表现。相比之下，本文强调了一个事实，即使存在这种干扰，参与者实际上可以（并且通常确实可以）施加足够的控制来完成指令任务。斯特鲁普任务的自适应控制思维-理性（ACT-R）模型将这解释为一种习得的策略性控制。具体来说，效用的概念适用于在斯特鲁普任务中竞争的两个过程，并且效用学习机制根据经验更新相应的效用值，从而影响竞争。该模型不仅解释了各种现有的斯特鲁普效应的结果，还对人们何时可以降低对斯特鲁普干扰的敏感性做出了新的预测。这些预测在三个涉及斯特鲁普任务的双反应变体的实验中得到了检验。
