Doyle-Lucas Ashley F, Akers Jeremy D, Davy Brenda M
Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
J Dance Med Sci. 2010;14(4):146-54.
Sports that emphasize low body weight for optimal performance, such as ballet, are associated with an increased prevalence of the female athlete triad (FT). Previous research in this area that involves dancers has been limited; the majority of studies have been performed on adolescents training in classical ballet, and not professional adult dancers. The purpose of this study is to compare the physical and behavioral characteristics of female elite ballet dancers to sedentary, recreationally active non-dancing controls, with regard to characteristics of the FT and energetic efficiency. Women aged 18 to 35 years were recruited as participants. The dancers (N = 15) and non-dancing controls (N = 15) were pair-matched via age (dancers: 24.3 ± 1.3 years; controls: 23.7 ± 0.9 years), body mass index (dancers: 18.9 ± 0.2; controls: 19.4 ± 0.2 kg/m 2 ), and fat-free mass (dancers: 44.3 ± 0.8; controls: 44.1 ± 0.9 kg). Assessments included habitual dietary intake using 4-day food records, self-reported physical activity, psychometric measures of eating behaviors, health and menstrual history, body composition and bone density (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) assessed by indirect calorimetry. Characteristics of the FT, specifically menstrual irregularities (6 of 15 dancers reported irregular or no menses; 1 of 15 controls reported irregular menses) and low energy availability, were more prevalent in dancers than in pair-matched controls. Despite having a similar fat-free mass (FFM), dancers had a significantly lower absolute RMR (dancers: 1367 ± 27; controls: 1454 ± 34 kcal/d; p ≤ 0.05) and significantly lower RMR relative to FFM (dancers: 30.9 ± 0.6; controls: 33.1 ± 0.8 kcal/kg fat-free mass/d; p ≤ 0.05). Energy intake between dancers (1577 ± 89 kcal/d) and pair-matched controls (2075 ± 163 kcal/d) also differed significantly (p ≤ 0.01). Six of the 15 dancers met the criteria for the FT (including low bone mineral density, menstrual irregularities, and eating pathology accompanied by low energy availability) and, therefore, represent a population of individuals afflicted with this disorder. These findings provide insight as to the metabolic impact of chronic energy restriction, and suggest that alterations in RMR (i.e., energetic efficiency) may be an indicator of low energy availability. Future larger-scale studies are warranted to address this possibility. Interventions aimed at increasing energy availability in elite female ballet dancers may be needed to promote optimal health status.
像芭蕾舞这种为达到最佳表现而强调低体重的运动，与女性运动员三联征（FT）患病率增加有关。该领域此前涉及舞者的研究有限；大多数研究是针对接受古典芭蕾舞训练的青少年进行的，而非专业成年舞者。本研究的目的是比较精英女性芭蕾舞舞者与久坐不动、有休闲运动习惯的非舞蹈对照者在FT特征和能量效率方面的身体及行为特征。招募了18至35岁的女性作为参与者。舞者组（N = 15）和非舞蹈对照组（N = 15）通过年龄（舞者：24.3±1.3岁；对照组：23.7±0.9岁）、体重指数（舞者：18.9±0.2；对照组：19.4±0.2kg/m²）和去脂体重（舞者：44.3±0.8；对照组：44.1±0.9kg）进行配对。评估包括使用4天食物记录的习惯性饮食摄入量、自我报告的身体活动、饮食行为的心理测量指标、健康和月经史、身体成分和骨密度（双能X线吸收法）以及通过间接量热法评估的静息代谢率（RMR）。FT的特征，特别是月经不规律（15名舞者中有6名报告月经不规律或无月经；15名对照组中有1名报告月经不规律）和低能量可利用状态，在舞者中比在配对的对照组中更普遍。尽管去脂体重（FFM）相似，但舞者的绝对RMR显著更低（舞者：1367±27；对照组：1454±34kcal/d；p≤0.05），且相对于FFM的RMR也显著更低（舞者：30.9±0.6；对照组：33.1±0.8kcal/kg去脂体重/d；p≤0.05）。舞者（1577±89kcal/d）和配对对照组（2075±163kcal/d）之间的能量摄入量也有显著差异（p≤0.01）。15名舞者中有6名符合FT的标准（包括低骨矿物质密度、月经不规律以及伴有低能量可利用状态的饮食病理学），因此代表了患有这种疾病的人群。这些发现为慢性能量限制的代谢影响提供了见解，并表明RMR（即能量效率）的改变可能是低能量可利用状态的一个指标。未来有必要进行更大规模的研究来探讨这种可能性。可能需要针对提高精英女性芭蕾舞舞者能量可利用状态的干预措施，以促进最佳健康状态。
