Tumor enucleation: a safe treatment alternative for renal cell carcinoma.

The treatment of renal cell carcinoma has evolved tremendously over the years. Initially the entire kidney was removed along with the renal tumor despite the size or extent of the mass. Early attempts to remove tumors with a normal surrounding parenchymal margin showed equivalent oncologic results in small renal masses. Attempts to preserve more renal parenchyma in patients with compromised renal function led to the enucleation of renal masses by blunt dissection following the natural plane between the peritumor pseudocapsule and the renal parenchyma. Enucleation of renal tumors has been especially useful for renal preservation in patients with preoperative renal insufficiency, solitary kidneys, multiple renal lesions and hereditary renal cell carcinoma syndromes. Comparable long-term progression and cancer-specific survival has been shown with tumor enucleation and standard partial nephrectomy. However, there has been considerable controversy regarding the safety of renal tumor enucleation due to histopathologic findings of pseudocapsule tumor invasion. Current data suggest that tumor enucleation is a safe alternative for small renal masses that are locally confined on preoperative imaging, easily delineated intraoperatively and do not appear to grossly invade beyond the pseudocapsule.