Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Zurich, Switzerland.
Pest Manag Sci. 2011 Sep;67(9):1049-58. doi: 10.1002/ps.2221. Epub 2011 Jun 27.
The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), the Mediterranean corn borer (Sesamia nonagrioides) and the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) are the main arthropod pests in European maize production. Practised pest control includes chemical control, biological control and cultural control such as ploughing and crop rotation. A pest control option that is available since 1996 is maize varieties that are genetically engineered (GE) to produce insecticidal compounds. GE maize varieties available today express one or several genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that target corn borers or corn rootworms. Incentives to growing Bt maize are simplified farm operations, high pest control efficiency, improved grain quality and ecological benefits. Limitations include the risk of resistance evolution in target pest populations, risk of secondary pest outbreaks and increased administration to comply with licence agreements. Growers willing to plant Bt maize in the European Union (EU) often face the problem that authorisation is denied. Only one Bt maize transformation event (MON810) is currently authorised for commercial cultivation, and some national authorities have banned cultivation. Spain is the only EU member state where Bt maize adoption levels are currently delivering farm income gains near full potential levels. In an integrated pest management (IPM) context, Bt maize can be regarded as a preventive (host plant resistance) or a responsive pest control measure. In any case, Bt maize is a highly specific tool that efficiently controls the main pests and allows combination with other preventive or responsive measures to solve other agricultural problems including those with secondary pests.
欧洲玉米螟（Ostrinia nubilalis）、地中海玉米螟（Sesamia nonagrioides）和西部玉米根虫（Diabrotica virgifera virgifera）是欧洲玉米生产中主要的节肢动物害虫。实践中的害虫防治包括化学防治、生物防治和文化防治，如深耕和轮作。自 1996 年以来，一种可用的害虫防治选择是生产杀虫化合物的基因工程（GE）玉米品种。目前可用的 GE 玉米品种表达来自苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bt）的一个或多个基因，这些基因针对玉米螟或玉米根虫。种植 Bt 玉米的激励措施包括简化农场作业、高效的害虫防治、提高谷物质量和生态效益。限制因素包括目标害虫种群进化抗性的风险、次生害虫爆发的风险以及为遵守许可协议而增加的管理。愿意在欧盟（EU）种植 Bt 玉米的种植者经常面临授权被拒绝的问题。目前只有一个 Bt 玉米转化事件（MON810）被授权商业种植，一些国家当局已禁止种植。西班牙是唯一目前 Bt 玉米采用率接近充分发挥农场收入增长潜力的欧盟成员国。在综合虫害管理（IPM）背景下，Bt 玉米可以被视为一种预防性（寄主植物抗性）或响应性的害虫防治措施。在任何情况下，Bt 玉米都是一种高度特异的工具，可有效地控制主要害虫，并允许与其他预防性或响应性措施结合使用，以解决包括次生害虫在内的其他农业问题。
