Beyin Amanuel
Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, SBS Building 5th Floor, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
Int J Evol Biol. 2011;2011:615094. doi: 10.4061/2011/615094. Epub 2011 May 5.
Although there is a general consensus on African origin of early modern humans, there is disagreement about how and when they dispersed to Eurasia. This paper reviews genetic and Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic archaeological literature from northeast Africa, Arabia, and the Levant to assess the timing and geographic backgrounds of Upper Pleistocene human colonization of Eurasia. At the center of the discussion lies the question of whether eastern Africa alone was the source of Upper Pleistocene human dispersals into Eurasia or were there other loci of human expansions outside of Africa? The reviewed literature hints at two modes of early modern human colonization of Eurasia in the Upper Pleistocene: (i) from multiple Homo sapiens source populations that had entered Arabia, South Asia, and the Levant prior to and soon after the onset of the Last Interglacial (MIS-5), (ii) from a rapid dispersal out of East Africa via the Southern Route (across the Red Sea basin), dating to ~74-60 kya.
尽管对于现代人类起源于非洲已基本达成共识，但对于他们如何以及何时扩散到欧亚大陆仍存在分歧。本文回顾了来自东北非、阿拉伯半岛和黎凡特地区的遗传学以及中石器时代/旧石器时代中期考古文献，以评估上更新世人类殖民欧亚大陆的时间和地理背景。讨论的核心问题是，上更新世人类向欧亚大陆扩散的源头是否仅在东非，还是非洲之外存在其他人类扩张的地点？综述文献暗示了上更新世现代人类殖民欧亚大陆的两种模式：（i）末次间冰期（MIS-5）开始之前及之后不久，多个智人源种群进入阿拉伯半岛、南亚和黎凡特地区；（ii）约7.4万至6万年前，通过南部路线（穿越红海盆地）从东非迅速扩散。
