MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Street, Tianjin 300071, China.
Water Res. 2011 Oct 1;45(15):4483-90. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.05.036. Epub 2011 Jun 7.
Concentrations of 10 perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) were investigated in the Hun River (HR), four canals, ten lakes, and influents and effluents from four main municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Shenyang, China. Mass flows of four main PFCs were calculated to elucidate the contribution from different sections of the HR. Overall, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) were the major PFCs in the HR, with ranges of 2.68-9.13 ng/L, and 2.12-11.3 ng/L, respectively, while perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected at lower levels, ranging from 0.40 to 3.32 ng/L. The PFC concentrations in the HR increased after the river passes through two cities (Shenyang and Fushun), indicating cities are an important contributor for PFCs. Mass flow analysis in the HR revealed that PFC mass flows from Fushun are 1.65-5.50 kg/year for C6-C8 perfluorinated acids (PFCAs) and 1.29 kg/year for PFOS, while Shenyang contributed 2.83-5.18 kg C6-C8 PFCAs/year, and 3.65 kg PFOS/year. The concentrations of PFCs in four urban canals were higher than those in the HR, with the maximum total PFCs of 240 ng/L. PFOA and PFOS showed different trends along these canals, suggesting different sources for the two PFCs. Total PFCs in ten lakes from Shenyang were at low levels, with the greatest concentration (56.2 ng/L) detected in a heavily industrialized area. The PFC levels in WWTP effluents were higher than those in surface waters with concentrations ranging from 18.4 to 41.1 ng/L for PFOA, and 1.69-3.85 ng/L for PFOS. Similar PFC profiles between effluents from WWTPs and urban surface waters were found. These results indicate that WWTPs are an important PFC source in surface water. Finally, we found that the composition profiles of PFCs in surface waters were similar to those in tap water, but not consistent with those in adult blood from Shenyang. The calculation on total daily intake of PFOS by adults from Shenyang showed that the contribution of drinking water to human exposure was minor.
在中国沈阳，研究了浑河（HR）、四条运河、十个湖泊以及四个主要城市污水处理厂（WWTP）的进水和出水，检测了 10 种全氟化合物（PFCs）的浓度。计算了四种主要 PFC 的质量流量，以阐明 HR 不同部分的贡献。总体而言，全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟己酸（PFHxA）是 HR 中主要的 PFC，浓度范围分别为 2.68-9.13ng/L 和 2.12-11.3ng/L，而全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的浓度较低，范围为 0.40-3.32ng/L。当河流经过两个城市（沈阳和抚顺）后，HR 中的 PFC 浓度增加，表明城市是 PFC 的重要来源。HR 中的质量流分析显示，抚顺的 PFC 质量流量为 1.65-5.50kg/年的 C6-C8 全氟羧酸（PFCAs）和 1.29kg/年的 PFOS，而沈阳的贡献量为 2.83-5.18kg/年的 C6-C8 PFCAs 和 3.65kg/年的 PFOS。四条城市运河中的 PFC 浓度高于 HR，总 PFC 浓度最高可达 240ng/L。PFOA 和 PFOS 在这些运河中的趋势不同，表明两种 PFC 有不同的来源。沈阳十个湖泊的总 PFC 浓度较低，在一个重工业发达地区检测到最大浓度（56.2ng/L）。WWTP 出水的 PFC 浓度高于地表水中的浓度，PFOA 浓度范围为 18.4-41.1ng/L，PFOS 浓度为 1.69-3.85ng/L。从 WWTP 出水和城市地表水中发现了相似的 PFC 分布。这些结果表明，WWTP 是地表水的重要 PFC 源。最后，我们发现地表水中 PFC 的组成与自来水中的相似，但与沈阳成人血液中的不一致。对沈阳成年人 PFOS 的总日摄入量的计算表明，饮用水对人体暴露的贡献较小。
