There is growing concern that pollution from petrochemical and oil refinery installations in Pancevo (Serbia) has increased the incidence of various diseases including cancer. The aim of our study was to investigate cancer incidence in Pancevo and to compare it with the region of central Serbia. Cancer incidence data were obtained from the corresponding Serbian Cancer Registries. Systematic local monitoring of benzene, toluene and methyl mercaptane in the atmosphere within Pancevo's industrial area indicated that the average monthly and yearly concentrations often exceeded permitted levels proposed by EU standards (5 microgm(-3)). Cancer incidence was lower in Pancevo than in central Serbia (the standardised incidence for all types of cancers in Pancevo was 218.3 and in central Serbia it was 241.7 per 100,000 inhabitants). The available data do not allow us to correlate air pollution in Pancevo with increased cancer incidence.