Agricultural and Biological Engineering Department, University of Florida, USA.
Chem Soc Rev. 2011 Nov;40(11):5308-20. doi: 10.1039/c0cs00173b. Epub 2011 Jul 15.
Biophysical phenomena related to cellular biochemistry and transport are spatially and temporally dynamic, and are directly involved in the regulation of physiology at the sub-cellular to tissue spatial scale. Real time monitoring of transmembrane transport provides information about the physiology and viability of cells, tissues, and organisms. Combining information learned from real time transport studies with genomics and proteomics allows us to better understand the functional and mechanistic aspects of cellular and sub-cellular systems. To accomplish this, ultrasensitive sensing technologies are required to probe this functional realm of biological systems with high temporal and spatial resolution. In addition to ongoing research aimed at developing new and enhanced sensors (e.g., increased sensitivity, enhanced analyte selectivity, reduced response time, and novel microfabrication approaches), work over the last few decades has advanced sensor utility through new sensing modalities that extend and enhance the data recorded by sensors. A microsensor technique based on phase sensitive detection of real time biophysical transport is reviewed here. The self-referencing technique converts non-invasive extracellular concentration sensors into dynamic flux sensors for measuring transport from the membrane to the tissue scale. In this tutorial review, we discuss the use of self-referencing micro/nanosensors for measuring physiological activity of living cells/tissues in agricultural, environmental, and biomedical applications comprehensible to any scientist/engineer.
与细胞生物化学和运输有关的生物物理现象在时空上是动态的，直接参与亚细胞到组织空间尺度的生理学调节。跨膜运输的实时监测提供了关于细胞、组织和生物体生理学和活力的信息。将实时运输研究中获得的信息与基因组学和蛋白质组学相结合，可以帮助我们更好地理解细胞和亚细胞系统的功能和机械方面。为了实现这一目标，需要超灵敏的传感技术来探测生物系统的这个功能领域，具有高时空分辨率。除了正在进行的旨在开发新的和增强的传感器的研究（例如，提高灵敏度、增强分析物选择性、缩短响应时间和新的微制造方法）外，过去几十年的工作还通过新的传感模式提高了传感器的实用性，这些模式扩展和增强了传感器记录的数据。这里回顾了一种基于实时生物物理传输的相敏检测的微传感器技术。该自参考技术将非侵入性的细胞外浓度传感器转换为动态通量传感器，用于测量从膜到组织尺度的运输。在这个教程综述中，我们讨论了自参考微/纳传感器在农业、环境和生物医学应用中测量活细胞/组织生理活性的用途，任何科学家/工程师都能理解。
