Institute for Environmental Studies, IVM, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
J Environ Manage. 2011 Oct;92(10):2763-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.06.019. Epub 2011 Jul 16.
Urban open space provides a number of valuable services to urban populations, including recreational opportunities, aesthetic enjoyment, environmental functions, and may also be associated with existence values. In separate meta-analyses of the contingent valuation (CV) and hedonic pricing (HP) literature we examine which physical, socio-economic, and study characteristics determine the value of open space. The dependent variable in the CV meta-regression is defined as the value of open space per hectare per year in 2003 US$, and in the HP model as the percentage change in house price for a 10 m decrease in distance to open space. Using a multi-level modelling approach we find in both the CV and HP analyses that there is a positive and significant relationship between the value of urban open space and population density, indicating that scarcity and crowdedness matter, and that the value of open space does not vary significantly with income. Further, urban parks are more highly valued than other types of urban open space (forests, agricultural and undeveloped land) and methodological differences in study design have a large influence on estimated values from both CV and HP. We also find important regional differences in preferences for urban open space, which suggests that the potential for transferring estimated values between regions is likely to be limited.
城市开放空间为城市人口提供了许多有价值的服务，包括娱乐机会、审美享受、环境功能，并且可能还与存在价值有关。在对条件价值评估（CV）和享乐定价（HP）文献的单独荟萃分析中，我们研究了哪些物理、社会经济和研究特征决定了开放空间的价值。CV 元回归中的因变量定义为 2003 年每公顷每年开放空间的价值，以美元表示，在 HP 模型中，以距开放空间每减少 10 米房价的百分比变化表示。使用多层次建模方法，我们发现 CV 和 HP 分析都表明城市开放空间的价值与人口密度之间存在正相关且显著的关系，表明稀缺性和拥挤性很重要，并且开放空间的价值与收入没有显著差异。此外，城市公园比其他类型的城市开放空间（森林、农业和未开发土地）更具价值，并且研究设计中的方法学差异对 CV 和 HP 的估计值有很大影响。我们还发现了城市开放空间偏好的重要区域差异，这表明在区域之间转移估计值的潜力可能有限。
