Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Oulu, Finland.
PLoS One. 2021 Jun 1;16(6):e0252352. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252352. eCollection 2021.
Nordic catchments provide a variety of ecosystem services, from harvestable goods to mitigation of climate change and recreational possibilities. Flows of supplied ecosystem services depend on a broad range of factors, including climate, hydrology, land management and human population density. The aims of this study were: 1) to quantify the total economic value (TEV) of consumed ecosystem services across Nordic catchments, 2) to explain variation in ecosystem service value using socio-geographic and natural factors as explanatory variables in multiple linear regression, and 3) to determine which societal groups benefit from these ecosystem services. Furthermore, we tested the scientific rigour of our framework based on the concept of final ecosystem services (FES). We used a spatially explicit, integrative framework for ecosystem services quantification to compile data on final ecosystem services provision from six catchments across Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Our estimates showed a broad variation in TEV and in the proportion contributed by separate services, with the highest TEV of €7,199 ± 4,561 ha-1 y-1 (mean ± standard deviation) in the Norwegian Orrevassdraget catchment, and the lowest TEV of €183 ± 517 ha-1 y-1 in the Finnish Simojoki catchment. The value of material services was dependent on both geographic factors and land management practices, while the value of immaterial services was strongly dependent on population density and the availability of water. Using spatial data on land use, forest productivity and population density in a GIS analysis showed where hotspots of ecosystem services supply are located, and where specific stakeholder groups benefit most. We show that our framework is applicable to a broad variety of data sources and across countries, making international comparative analyses possible.
北欧流域提供了多种生态系统服务，从可收获的商品到缓解气候变化和娱乐机会。供应的生态系统服务的流动取决于广泛的因素，包括气候、水文学、土地管理和人口密度。本研究的目的是：1）量化北欧流域消耗的生态系统服务的总经济价值（TEV），2）使用社会地理和自然因素作为多元线性回归的解释变量来解释生态系统服务价值的变化，3）确定哪些社会群体受益于这些生态系统服务。此外，我们根据最终生态系统服务（FES）的概念测试了我们框架的科学性。我们使用了一个空间明确、综合的生态系统服务量化框架，从丹麦、芬兰、挪威和瑞典的六个流域收集了最终生态系统服务提供的数据。我们的估计显示 TEV 和单独服务贡献的比例存在广泛变化，挪威 Orrevassdraget 流域的 TEV 最高，为 7199 欧元±4561 欧元/公顷/年（平均值±标准偏差），芬兰 Simojoki 流域的 TEV 最低，为 183 欧元±517 欧元/公顷/年。物质服务的价值取决于地理因素和土地管理实践，而非物质服务的价值则强烈取决于人口密度和水的可用性。在 GIS 分析中使用土地利用、森林生产力和人口密度的空间数据表明了生态系统服务供应的热点在哪里，以及特定的利益相关群体受益最多的地方。我们表明，我们的框架适用于广泛的数据源和国家，使国际比较分析成为可能。
