Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Trends Plant Sci. 2011 Oct;16(10):550-7. doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.06.005. Epub 2011 Jul 19.
The chloroplast is essential for the viability of plants. It is enclosed by a double-membrane envelope that originated from the outer and plasma membranes of a cyanobacterial endosymbiont. Chloroplast biogenesis depends on binary fission and import of nuclear-encoded proteins. Our understanding of the mechanisms and evolutionary origins of these processes has been greatly advanced by recent genetic and biochemical studies on envelope-localized multiprotein machines. Furthermore, the latest studies on outer envelope proteins have provided molecular insights into organelle movement and membrane lipid remodeling, activities that are vital for plant survival under diverse environmental conditions. Ongoing and future research on the chloroplast outer envelope should add to our knowledge of organelle biology and the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
叶绿体对于植物的生存至关重要。它被一个双层膜包被所包裹，这个双层膜来源于蓝藻内共生体的外膜和质膜。叶绿体的生物发生依赖于二进制分裂和核编码蛋白的输入。最近对定位于包膜的多蛋白机器的遗传和生化研究极大地促进了我们对这些过程的机制和进化起源的理解。此外，对外膜蛋白的最新研究为细胞器运动和膜脂重塑提供了分子见解，这些活动对于植物在各种环境条件下的生存至关重要。正在进行和未来对叶绿体外膜的研究应该有助于我们了解细胞器生物学和真核细胞的进化。
