Unit for Extensive Animal Production, Research Council of Agriculture, Via Appia-Bella Scalo, 74085, Muro Lucano, Italy.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011 Jun;8(6):1893-913. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8061893. Epub 2011 Jun 1.
Manure produced by livestock activity is a dangerous product capable of causing serious environmental pollution. Agronomic management practices on the use of manure may transform the target from a waste to a resource product. Experiments performed on comparison of manure with standard chemical fertilizers (CF) were studied under a double cropping per year regime (alfalfa, model I; Italian ryegrass-corn, model II; barley-seed sorghum, model III; and horse-bean-silage sorghum, model IV). The total amount of manure applied in the annual forage crops of the model II, III and IV was 158, 140 and 80 m3 ha(-1), respectively. The manure applied to soil by broadcast and injection procedure provides an amount of nitrogen equal to that supplied by CF. The effect of manure applications on animal feeding production and biochemical soil characteristics was related to the models. The weather condition and manures and CF showed small interaction among treatments. The number of MFU ha(-1) of biomass crop gross product produced in autumn and spring sowing models under manure applications was 11,769, 20,525, 11,342, 21,397 in models I through IV, respectively. The reduction of MFU ha(-1) under CF ranges from 10.7% to 13.2% those of the manure models. The effect of manure on organic carbon and total nitrogen of topsoil, compared to model I, stressed the parameters as CF whose amount was higher in models II and III than model IV. In term of percentage the organic carbon and total nitrogen of model I and treatment with manure was reduced by about 18.5 and 21.9% in model II and model III and 8.8 and 6.3% in model IV, respectively. Manure management may substitute CF without reducing gross production and sustainability of cropping systems, thus allowing the opportunity to recycle the waste product for animal forage feeding.
家畜活动产生的粪便，是一种能够造成严重环境污染的危险产品。粪便的农业管理措施可以将其从废物转化为资源产品。在每年双季作物（模式 I：紫花苜蓿；模式 II：黑麦草-玉米；模式 III：大麦-种子高粱；模式 IV：马豆-青贮高粱）的种植中，对粪便与标准化肥（CF）的比较进行了实验。模型 II、III 和 IV 每年的饲料作物中施用的粪便总量分别为 158、140 和 80 立方米/公顷。通过撒播和注射程序施用到土壤中的粪便提供了与 CF 相当的氮量。粪便的应用对动物饲养生产和土壤生化特性的影响与模型有关。天气条件、粪便和 CF 之间的处理间相互作用较小。在施用粪便的情况下，秋季和春季播种模型中的生物量作物总产品的每公顷中微生物量单位（MFU）数量分别为 11769、20525、11342 和 21397，分别为模型 I 到 IV。与粪便模型相比，CF 下 MFU 公顷的减少范围为 10.7%至 13.2%。与模型 I 相比，粪便对表土有机碳和全氮的影响突出了 CF 参数，模型 II 和 III 中的 CF 量高于模型 IV。就百分比而言，模型 I 和施用粪便的处理中，有机碳和全氮分别减少了约 18.5%和 21.9%，模型 II 和模型 III 分别减少了 8.8%和 6.3%，模型 IV。粪便管理可以替代 CF，而不会降低作物系统的总产和可持续性，从而为动物饲料喂养提供了废物再利用的机会。
