Cooperative Research Centre For National Plant Biosecurity, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
Pest Manag Sci. 2012 Feb;68(2):194-201. doi: 10.1002/ps.2244. Epub 2011 Jul 21.
Methyl bromide is being phased out for use on stored commodities, as it is listed as an ozone-depleting substance, and phosphine is the fumigant widely used on grains. However, phosphine resistance occurs worldwide, and phosphine fumigation requires a long exposure period and temperatures of >15 °C. There is an urgent requirement for the development of a fumigant that kills insects quickly and for phosphine resistance management. This paper reports on a new fumigant formulation of 95% ethyl formate plus 5% methyl isothiocyanate as an alternative fumigant for stored grains.
The formulation is stable for at least 4 months of storage at 45 °C. A laboratory bioassay with the formulation showed that it controlled all stages of Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Trogoderma variabile Ballion and Callosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) in infested wheat, barley, oats and peas at 80 mg L(-1) for 5 days, and in canola at both 40 mg L(-1) for 5 days and 80 mg L(-1) for 2 days at 25±2 °C. After an 8-14 day holding period, residues of ethyl formate and methyl isothiocyanate in wheat, barley, peas and canola were below the experimental permit levels of 1.0 and 0.1 mg kg(-1). However, fumigated oats needed an 18 day holding period.
The findings suggest that the ethyl formate plus methyl isothiocyanate formulation has potential as a fumigant for the control of stored-grain insect pests in various commodities.
由于甲基溴被列为消耗臭氧层物质，正在逐步淘汰其用于储存商品的用途，而磷化氢是广泛用于谷物的熏蒸剂。然而，世界各地都出现了磷化氢抗性，磷化氢熏蒸需要长时间暴露在温度高于 15°C 的环境中。因此，迫切需要开发一种能够快速杀死昆虫且能够管理磷化氢抗性的熏蒸剂。本文报告了一种新的熏蒸剂配方，即 95%的甲酸乙酯加 5%的甲基异硫氰酸酯，作为储存谷物的替代熏蒸剂。
该配方在 45°C 下储存至少 4 个月是稳定的。用该配方进行的实验室生物测定表明，它可以控制在受侵染的小麦、大麦、燕麦和豌豆中所有阶段的玉米象（L.）、赤拟谷盗（L.）、谷蠹（Herbst）、玉米象（F.）、阔胫锯谷盗和斑皮蠹（Fabricius），浓度为 80mg/L，处理 5 天；在加拿大油菜籽中，浓度为 40mg/L，处理 5 天，浓度为 80mg/L，处理 2 天，温度为 25±2°C。在 8-14 天的保持期后，小麦、大麦、豌豆和加拿大油菜籽中的甲酸乙酯和甲基异硫氰酸酯残留量低于 1.0 和 0.1mg/kg 的实验许可水平。然而，熏蒸后的燕麦需要 18 天的保持期。
研究结果表明，甲酸乙酯加甲基异硫氰酸酯配方具有作为各种商品储存谷物害虫熏蒸剂的潜力。
