Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 1996 Oct 15;2(2-3):115-20. doi: 10.1016/S1382-6689(96)00040-3.
Derivation of quality standards to protect aquatic ecosystems demands a minimum set of toxicity data to allow the risk assessor to take some account of: (1) variable responses to toxicants; (2) variable environmental characteristics; (3) interactions between duration of exposure and effects; and (4) ecological significance of impacts. Extrapolation from limited experimental data to predict a concentration protective in diverse ecosystems can employ either statistical models (consistent but rather rigid and may not protect all species) or empirical factors (more flexible and possibly more protective, but require expert judgment in their application). However derived, quality standards must be tailored to the specific conditions of release and environmental fate which influence a chemical's impact in aquatic ecosystems. It must also be recognised that protection of all individuals and even of all aquatic species may not be achievable or necessary to maintain a healthy ecosystem. Some possible future advances in the determination of water quality standards are suggested.
制定保护水生生态系统的质量标准需要有一组最少的毒性数据，以便风险评估人员能够考虑到：(1) 对毒物的可变反应；(2) 可变的环境特征；(3) 暴露时间和影响之间的相互作用；以及 (4) 影响的生态意义。从有限的实验数据推断出可以在不同的生态系统中保护一定浓度的方法，可以采用统计模型（一致但相当严格，并且可能不能保护所有物种）或经验因素（更灵活且可能更具保护性，但在应用时需要专家判断）。无论采用何种方法推导，质量标准都必须针对释放和环境命运的具体条件进行调整，这些条件会影响化学物质对水生生态系统的影响。还必须认识到，保护所有个体甚至所有水生物种可能是无法实现的，或者没有必要维持一个健康的生态系统。文中还提出了一些在确定水质标准方面可能取得的未来进展。
