Baron J A, La Vecchia C, Levi F
Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Hanover, NH.
Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Feb;162(2):502-14. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90420-c.
Epidemiologic results indicate that women who smoke cigarettes are relatively estrogen-deficient. Smokers have an early natural menopause, a lowered risk of cancer of the endometrium, and an increased risk of some osteoporotic fractures. Moreover, women who smoke may have a reduced risk of uterine fibroids, endometriosis, hyperemesis gravidarum, and benign breast disease. Several possible mechanisms for these effects have been identified. Smoking does not appear to be clearly related to estradiol levels, at least in postmenopausal women, although levels of adrenal androgens are increased. Moreover, smoking appears to alter the metabolism of estradiol, leading to enhanced formation of the inactive catechol estrogens.
流行病学研究结果表明，吸烟女性相对雌激素缺乏。吸烟者自然绝经较早，子宫内膜癌风险降低，某些骨质疏松性骨折风险增加。此外，吸烟女性患子宫肌瘤、子宫内膜异位症、妊娠剧吐和良性乳腺疾病的风险可能降低。已经确定了这些影响的几种可能机制。吸烟似乎与雌二醇水平没有明显关系，至少在绝经后女性中如此，尽管肾上腺雄激素水平会升高。此外，吸烟似乎会改变雌二醇的代谢，导致无活性儿茶酚雌激素的生成增加。
