Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
Psychol Rev. 2011 Oct;118(4):552-69. doi: 10.1037/a0024758.
Psychological need theories offer much explanatory potential for behavioral scientists, but there is considerable disagreement and confusion about what needs are and how they work. A 2-process model of psychological needs is outlined, viewing needs as evolved functional systems that provide both (a) innate psychosocial motives that tend to impel adaptive behavior and (b) innate experiential requirements that when met reinforce adaptive behavior and promote mental health. The literature is reviewed to find support for 8 hypotheses derived from this model: that certain basic psychosocial motives are present at birth; that successful enactment of these motives supports the functioning and wellness of all humans; that individual differences in these motives develop in childhood; that these strong motive dispositions tend to produce the satisfying experiences they seek; that motive dispositions do not moderate the effect of motive-corresponding need satisfaction on well-being but do moderate the effect of assigned goal-type on rated self-concordance for those goals; that need dissatisfaction and need satisfaction correspond to the separable behavioral-motive and experiential-reward aspects of needs; and that motives and needs can become decoupled when chronic dissatisfaction of particular requirements warps or depresses the corresponding motives, such that the adaptive process fails in its function. Implications for self-determination theory and motive disposition theory are considered.
心理需求理论为行为科学家提供了很大的解释潜力，但对于什么是需求以及它们如何起作用，存在相当大的分歧和混淆。本文概述了一个心理需求的双过程模型，将需求视为进化的功能系统，它们既提供了（a）倾向于推动适应性行为的先天心理社会动机，又提供了（b）满足后能强化适应性行为并促进心理健康的先天体验要求。本文回顾了文献，以寻找支持该模型的 8 个假设：某些基本心理社会动机是天生的；这些动机的成功实施支持所有人类的功能和健康；这些动机在儿童时期存在个体差异；这些强烈的动机倾向会产生它们所寻求的满足体验；动机倾向不会调节与动机对应的需求满足对幸福感的影响，但会调节目标类型对目标自我一致性评价的影响；需求不满足和需求满足对应于需求的可分离行为动机和体验奖励方面；当特定要求的长期不满足扭曲或压抑相应的动机时，动机和需求可能会脱钩，从而使适应过程无法发挥其功能。本文还考虑了自我决定理论和动机倾向理论的含义。
