Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
J Environ Sci Health B. 2011;46(8):655-61. doi: 10.1080/03601234.2012.592048.
Soil fumigation to control pests and pathogens is an important part of current agricultural practice. A reduction in fumigant emissions is required to ensure worker safety and environment health. A field trial in Florida was conducted to investigate whether carbonating Telone C35™ ((Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene with 35 % chloropicrin) would improve the delivery of the fumigant to such an extent that the application rate could be decreased without sacrificing efficacy. All treatments were carried out in three replications in a complete block design. The use of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) to carbonate and pressurize Telone C35 provided quicker and deeper distribution initially compared to application by nitrogen gas (N(2)) pressurization. The deeper distribution of Telone C35 components found with CO(2) application may have lowered the initial concentration of Telone C35, but it did not appreciably alter the disappearance rate of the three chemicals, chloropicrin, (Z)- and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene. The faster vertical distribution within the bedded soil of the Telone C35 by CO(2) did enhance volatilization of the active ingredients into the atmosphere compared to volatilization of similar reduced rate applied by N(2) pressurization. However, the cumulative amount volatilized from the carbonated fumigant beds at 75 % application rate was lower than the cumulative amount emitted by full rate of Telone C35 using N(2). The efficacy of the carbonated Telone C35 at a lower application rate was statistically equivalent to that of non-carbonated fumigant using N(2) pressurized injection at a higher application rate, based on weed enumeration and the root-knot nematode galling index.
土壤熏蒸是当前农业实践的重要组成部分，为确保工人安全和环境健康，需要减少熏蒸剂的排放。在佛罗里达州进行了一项田间试验，以研究碳酸化 Telone C35™（（Z）-和（E）-1,3-二氯丙烯与 35%氯氰菊酯的混合物）是否能更有效地将熏蒸剂输送到土壤中，从而在不降低药效的情况下降低施用量。所有处理均在完全随机区组设计的三个重复中进行。与氮气（N2）加压相比，使用二氧化碳（CO2）碳酸化和加压 Telone C35 可使初始时更快、更深地分布。与 CO2 应用相比，Telone C35 成分的更深分布可能降低了 Telone C35 的初始浓度，但对三种化学物质（氯氰菊酯、（Z）-和（E）-1,3-二氯丙烯）的消失率没有明显影响。CO2 作用下 Telone C35 在床状土壤中的垂直分布更快，与 N2 加压下相似的降低速率的应用相比，将活性成分更有效地挥发到大气中。然而，以 75%的应用率碳酸化熏蒸剂挥发到大气中的累积量低于以 N2 加压应用的全剂量 Telone C35 的累积排放量。基于杂草计数和根结线虫侵染指数，以较低应用率碳酸化的 Telone C35 的药效与以较高应用率氮气加压注入的非碳酸化熏蒸剂的药效在统计学上等效。
