Romanova Iu M, Gintsburg A L
Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol. 2011 May-Jun(3):99-109.
Advances in microscopic analysis and molecular genetics research methods promoted the acquisition of evidence that natural bacteria populations exist predominately as substrate attached biofilms. Bacteria in biofilms are able to exchange signals and display coordinated activity that is inherent to multicellular organisms. Formation of biofilm communities turned out to be one of the main survival strategies of bacteria in their ecological niche. Bacteria in attached condition in biofilm are protected from the environmental damaging factors and effects of antibacterial substances in the environment and host organism during infection. According to contemporary conception, biofilm is a continuous layer of bacterial cells that are attached to a surface and each other, and contained in a biopolymer matrix. Such bacterial communities may be composed of bacteria of one or several species, and composed of actively functioning cells as well as latent and uncultured forms. Particular attention has recently been paid to the role of biofilms in the environment and host organism. Microorganisms form biofilm on any biotic and abiotic surfaces which creates serious problems in medicine and various areas of economic activity. Currently, it is established that biofilms are one of the pathogenetic factors of chronic inflection process formation. The review presents data on ubiquity of bacteria existence as biofilms, contemporary methods of microbial community analysis, structural-functional features of bacterial biofilms. Particular attention is paid to the role of biofilm in chronic infection process formation, heightened resistance to antibiotics of bacteria in biofilms and possible mechanisms of resistance. Screening approaches for agents against biofilms in chronic infections are discussed.
微观分析和分子遗传学研究方法的进展推动了相关证据的获取，即天然细菌群体主要以附着于底物的生物膜形式存在。生物膜中的细菌能够交换信号并展现出多细胞生物所固有的协同活性。生物膜群落的形成被证明是细菌在其生态位中的主要生存策略之一。在生物膜中处于附着状态的细菌在感染期间可免受环境破坏因素以及环境和宿主体内抗菌物质的影响。根据当代概念，生物膜是一层连续的细菌细胞，它们附着于一个表面并相互连接，且包含在生物聚合物基质中。这样的细菌群落可能由一种或几种细菌组成，包括活跃功能的细胞以及潜伏和未培养的形式。最近，人们特别关注生物膜在环境和宿主体内的作用。微生物在任何生物和非生物表面形成生物膜，这在医学和各种经济活动领域都引发了严重问题。目前已确定生物膜是慢性感染过程形成的致病因素之一。本文综述了有关细菌以生物膜形式普遍存在的数据、微生物群落分析的当代方法、细菌生物膜的结构功能特征。特别关注生物膜在慢性感染过程形成中的作用、生物膜中细菌对抗生素的高抗性以及可能的抗性机制。还讨论了针对慢性感染中生物膜的药物筛选方法。
