Underwood Geoffrey, Humphrey Katherine, van Loon Editha
School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Vision Res. 2011 Sep 15;51(18):2031-8. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.07.020. Epub 2011 Jul 26.
Evidence from eye-tracking experiments has provided mixed support for saliency map models of inspection, with the task set for the viewer accounting for some of the discrepancies between predictions and observations. In the present experiment viewers inspected pictures of road scenes with the task being to decide whether or not they would enter a highway from a junction. Road safety observations have concluded that highly visible road users are less likely to be involved in crashes, suggesting that saliency is important in real-world tasks. The saliency of a critical vehicle was varied in the present task, as was the type of vehicle and the preferred vehicle of the viewer. Decisions were influenced by saliency, with more risky decisions when low saliency motorcycles were present. Given that the vehicles were invariably inspected, this may relate to the high incidence of "looked-but-failed-to-see" crashes involving motorcycles and to prevalence effects in visual search. Eye-tracking measures indicated effects of saliency on the fixation preceding inspection of the critical vehicle (as well as effects on inspection of the vehicle itself), suggesting that high saliency can attract an early fixation. These results have implications for recommendations about the conspicuity of vulnerable road users.
来自眼动追踪实验的证据对检查的显著性地图模型提供了好坏参半的支持，观看者的任务设置是造成预测与观察结果之间一些差异的原因之一。在本实验中，观看者检查道路场景图片，任务是决定是否要从一个路口进入高速公路。道路安全观察得出结论，显眼的道路使用者卷入碰撞事故的可能性较小，这表明显著性在现实世界任务中很重要。在本任务中，关键车辆的显著性、车辆类型以及观看者偏爱的车辆都有所不同。决策受到显著性的影响，当出现低显著性的摩托车时，做出的冒险决策更多。鉴于车辆总是会被检查，这可能与涉及摩托车的“看了但没看到”碰撞事故的高发生率以及视觉搜索中的患病率效应有关。眼动追踪测量表明，显著性对关键车辆检查前的注视有影响（以及对车辆本身检查的影响），这表明高显著性可以吸引早期注视。这些结果对关于弱势道路使用者显眼性的建议有启示意义。
