Centre for Medical Biomics, University Medical Centre of Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
Benef Microbes. 2010 Nov;1(4):433-7. doi: 10.3920/BM2010.0028.
Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are the main bacterial metabolites of colonic fermentation processes. The physiological relevance of the SCFA for the host outside the gastrointestinal tract is getting increased attention. In this review we will focus on the effect of SCFA on inflammation processes in the host in relation to insulin resistance. Obesity has been associated with a pro-inflammatory state of the adipose tissue that is associated with whole body insulin resistance leading to type 2 diabetes. Recently, two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) for SCFA, GPCR 41 and GPCR43, were described that are mainly expressed by immune cells but also by adipose tissue. Propionate can induce the satiety hormone leptin and reduce expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines indicating that SCFA have anti-inflammatory effects in human adipose tissue. In addition, in human nutritional experiments we observed that whole grain products could counteract a glucose-induced tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin-6 increase which was associated with increased plasma butyrate concentrations. This suggests that dietary fibre can produce a SCFA profile that could have anti-inflammatory effects in the body. The physiological relevance of these observations especially in relation to obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance is discussed.
短链脂肪酸（SCFA）是结肠发酵过程中细菌的主要代谢产物。SCFA 对肠道外宿主的生理相关性正受到越来越多的关注。在这篇综述中，我们将重点讨论 SCFA 对与胰岛素抵抗相关的宿主炎症过程的影响。肥胖与脂肪组织的促炎状态有关，这种状态与全身胰岛素抵抗有关，导致 2 型糖尿病。最近，两种 SCFA 的 G 蛋白偶联受体（GPCR），GPCR41 和 GPCR43，被描述为主要由免疫细胞表达，但也由脂肪组织表达。丙酸盐可以诱导饱腹感激素瘦素的产生，并减少炎症细胞因子和趋化因子的表达，表明 SCFA 在人类脂肪组织中具有抗炎作用。此外，在人体营养实验中，我们观察到全谷物产品可以对抗葡萄糖诱导的肿瘤坏死因子-α和白细胞介素-6 的增加，这与血浆丁酸盐浓度的增加有关。这表明膳食纤维可以产生一种 SCFA 谱，对体内具有抗炎作用。讨论了这些观察结果的生理相关性，特别是与肥胖相关的炎症和胰岛素抵抗有关。
