Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Beaverton, OR, USA.
Front Microbiol. 2011 Jul 28;2:161. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00161. eCollection 2011.
Like the other more well-characterized post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, acylation, etc.), the attachment of the 76 amino acid ubiquitin (Ub) protein to substrates has been shown to govern countless cellular processes. As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses have evolved the capability to commandeer many host processes in order to maximize their own survival, whether it be to increase viral production or to ensure the long-term survival of latently infected host cells. The first evidence that viruses could usurp the Ub system came from the DNA tumor viruses and Adenoviruses, each of which use Ub to dysregulate the host cell cycle (Scheffner et al., 1990; Querido et al., 2001). Today, the list of viruses that utilize Ub includes members from almost every viral class, encompassing both RNA and DNA viruses. Among these, there are examples of Ub usage at every stage of the viral life cycle, involving both ubiquitination and de-ubiquitination. In addition to viruses that merely modify the host Ub system, many of the large DNA viruses encode their own Ub modifying machinery. In this review, we highlight the latest discoveries regarding the myriad ways that viruses utilize Ub to their advantage.
与其他更为典型的翻译后修饰（如磷酸化、甲基化、乙酰化、酰化等）一样，76 个氨基酸的泛素（Ub）蛋白与底物的连接已被证明可以控制无数的细胞过程。作为专性细胞内寄生虫，病毒已经进化出了操纵许多宿主过程的能力，以最大限度地提高自身的生存能力，无论是增加病毒产量还是确保潜伏感染宿主细胞的长期存活。病毒可以篡夺 Ub 系统的第一个证据来自于 DNA 肿瘤病毒和腺病毒，它们都利用 Ub 来扰乱宿主细胞周期（Scheffner 等人，1990；Querido 等人，2001）。如今，利用 Ub 的病毒包括几乎所有病毒类别的成员，包括 RNA 和 DNA 病毒。在这些病毒中，有 Ub 在病毒生命周期的各个阶段使用的例子，包括泛素化和去泛素化。除了仅仅修饰宿主 Ub 系统的病毒外，许多大型 DNA 病毒还编码自己的 Ub 修饰机制。在这篇综述中，我们强调了关于病毒利用 Ub 获得优势的最新发现。
