Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012 Jan;402(1):175-86. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5290-y. Epub 2011 Aug 17.
The time-honored convention of concentrating aqueous samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) is being challenged by the increasingly widespread use of large-volume injection (LVI) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the determination of traces of polar organic contaminants in environmental samples. Although different LVI approaches have been proposed over the last 40 years, the simplest and most popular way of performing LVI is known as single-column LVI (SC-LVI), in which a large-volume of an aqueous sample is directly injected into an analytical column. For the purposes of this critical review, LVI is defined as an injected sample volume that is ≥10% of the void volume of the analytical column. Compared with other techniques, SC-LVI is easier to set up, because it requires only small hardware modifications to existing autosamplers and, thus, it will be the main focus of this review. Although not new, SC-LVI is gaining acceptance and the approach is emerging as a technique that will render SPE nearly obsolete for many environmental applications. In this review, we discuss: the history and development of various forms of LVI; the critical factors that must be considered when creating and optimizing SC-LVI methods; and typical applications that demonstrate the range of environmental matrices to which LVI is applicable, for example drinking water, groundwater, and surface water including seawater and wastewater. Furthermore, we indicate direction and areas that must be addressed to fully delineate the limits of SC-LVI.
固相萃取（SPE）浓缩水样的悠久传统正受到越来越多的大体积进样（LVI）液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）用于测定环境样品中痕量极性有机污染物的广泛应用的挑战。虽然在过去的 40 年中已经提出了不同的 LVI 方法，但最简单和最受欢迎的 LVI 方法称为单柱 LVI（SC-LVI），其中大量的水样直接注入分析柱。为了进行这项批判性综述，LVI 被定义为注入样品的体积≥分析柱空隙体积的 10%。与其他技术相比，SC-LVI 更容易设置，因为它只需要对现有自动进样器进行小的硬件修改，因此它将是本综述的主要重点。尽管 SC-LVI 并不新鲜，但它正在被接受，并且该方法正在成为一种技术，这将使 SPE 在许多环境应用中几乎过时。在本综述中，我们讨论了：各种形式的 LVI 的历史和发展；在创建和优化 SC-LVI 方法时必须考虑的关键因素；以及展示 LVI 适用的各种环境基质的典型应用，例如饮用水、地下水和地表水，包括海水和废水。此外，我们还指出了必须解决的方向和领域，以充分描绘 SC-LVI 的局限性。
