Agroecosystem Management Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, United States.
J Agric Food Chem. 2011 Sep 28;59(18):10394-400. doi: 10.1021/jf2016122. Epub 2011 Aug 26.
The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), has been considered one of the most serious biting flies of confined and pastured livestock. The economic losses caused by the stable fly to the cattle industry in the United States exceed $2 billion annually. Current practices for managing stable flies using insecticides provide only marginal control. Insecticide resistance has also been recently reported in stable flies. The present study reports the use of plant-based insecticides, for example, essential oils, as alternatives for managing this fly pest. The toxicity of several plant essential oils and selected ingredient compounds was evaluated by contact and fumigant toxicity bioassays. Catnip oil (20 mg dosage) showed the highest toxicity against stable flies, the shortest knock-down time (∼7 min), and the quickest lethal time (∼19 min). Toxicity levels similar to catnip oil were found among three insect repellent compounds (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide, 2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxamide, (1S,2'S)-2-methylpiperidinyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxamide). No differences in knock-down and lethal times were found among the catnip oil and its two active ingredient compounds. Similar stable fly mortality was observed using a 20 mg dose of catnip oil in a modified K&D system and a fumigant jar. When catnip oil was topically applied to stable flies, the least lethal dose was 12.5 μg/fly, and a 50 μg/fly dose resulted in 100% mortality. The blood-feeding behavior of stable flies was also negatively affected by the topical application of catnip oil, and the effect was dose-dependent. This study demonstrated that catnip oil has both contact and fumigant toxicity against the stable fly and thus has the potential as an alternative for stable fly control.
厩螫蝇，Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)，被认为是限制和放牧牲畜中最严重的叮咬苍蝇之一。在美国，厩螫蝇给养牛业造成的经济损失每年超过 20 亿美元。目前使用杀虫剂管理厩螫蝇的做法只能提供轻微的控制。厩螫蝇的抗药性也最近有报道。本研究报告了使用植物性杀虫剂，例如精油，作为管理这种苍蝇害虫的替代品。通过接触和熏气毒性生物测定评估了几种植物精油和选定的成分化合物的毒性。猫薄荷油（20 毫克剂量）对厩螫蝇表现出最高的毒性，击倒时间最短（约 7 分钟），致死时间最快（约 19 分钟）。在三种驱虫化合物（N,N-二乙基-3-甲基苯甲酰胺、2-甲基哌啶基-3-环己烯-1-甲酰胺、（1S,2'S）-2-甲基哌啶基-3-环己烯-1-甲酰胺）中发现与猫薄荷油相似的毒性水平。猫薄荷油及其两种有效成分化合物在击倒和致死时间上没有差异。在改良的 K&D 系统和熏气罐中，使用 20 毫克剂量的猫薄荷油观察到相似的厩螫蝇死亡率。当猫薄荷油局部应用于厩螫蝇时，最低致死剂量为 12.5μg/蝇，而 50μg/蝇的剂量会导致 100%的死亡率。猫薄荷油还会对厩螫蝇的吸血行为产生负面影响，且这种影响是剂量依赖性的。本研究表明，猫薄荷油对厩螫蝇具有接触和熏气毒性，因此具有作为厩螫蝇控制的替代物的潜力。
