Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
Br J Dev Psychol. 2011 Sep;29(Pt 3):612-34. doi: 10.1348/026151010X526542. Epub 2011 Mar 10.
The first aim of the present study was to examine the structure of effortful control. The second aim was to determine whether components of effortful control relate to conduct problems and hyperactivity. Effortful control was measured in 3-year-old children (N= 89) with an observational measure, the effortful control battery (ECB), and a parent report, the Children's Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ). Principal component analysis showed that the ECB measures five components, assessing two higher-order constructs, which can be labelled as Self-Control and Attention/Motor Control. The five scales of the CBQ appeared to measure one construct - a more general measure of effortful control. The components and constructs of the ECB as well as the scales of the CBQ were differently related to conduct problems and hyperactivity. Conduct problems were most strongly predicted by observed Delay of Gratification and parent-reported Inhibitory Control, whereas Hyperactivity was most strongly predicted by observed Delay of Gratification, and the higher-order construct Attention/Motor Control, as well as parent-reported Attentional Focusing and Inhibitory Control. It is important to keep in mind that effortful control is composed of heterogeneous components, all having their own unique values.
本研究的首要目的是考察努力控制的结构。第二个目的是确定努力控制的组成部分是否与行为问题和多动有关。在 3 岁儿童（N=89）中使用观察测量法（努力控制电池，ECB）和父母报告（儿童行为问卷，CBQ）来测量努力控制。主成分分析表明，ECB 测量了五个组成部分，评估了两个高阶结构，可以分别标记为自我控制和注意力/运动控制。CBQ 的五个量表似乎测量了一个结构——更一般的努力控制衡量标准。ECB 的组成部分和结构以及 CBQ 的量表与行为问题和多动的关系各不相同。观察到的延迟满足和父母报告的抑制控制最能预测行为问题，而观察到的延迟满足、高阶结构注意力/运动控制以及父母报告的注意力集中和抑制控制最能预测多动。需要记住的是，努力控制是由具有不同价值的异质组成部分构成的。
