The School of Psychology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
Memory. 2011 Jul;19(5):538-46. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2011.590505.
Two prospective studies have investigated whether the presence, intrusion, and avoidance of negative intrusive memories predict depression, and have reported conflicting findings. We aimed to replicate and extend these investigations by exploring the role of intrusion and avoidance of intrusive memories, as well as memory characteristics, in the prediction of depression prospectively. At Time 1 a mixed sample of community participants (N=85) were interviewed and completed self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and intrusive memory features. At Time 2 (6 months later, N=64) depression and anxiety symptoms were reassessed. Results were partly consistent with hypotheses for the sub-sample of participants who did not receive treatment between the baseline and follow-up assessments. Baseline levels of intrusion and some memory features (uncontrollability, distress, interference, numbness, detachment) predicted follow-up depression, controlling for baseline depression symptoms. Unexpectedly, avoidance of intrusive memories and other features (e.g., here and now quality) did not predict depression. Levels of intrusion and avoidance did not predict anxiety at follow-up. These results provide further evidence that intrusive memories are not simply an epiphenomenon of depression, but predict depression prospectively. Our results suggest that novel, depression-specific theories that emphasise the role of memory disturbances in the maintenance of depression are needed.
两项前瞻性研究调查了消极侵入性记忆的出现、侵入和回避是否预测抑郁，并报告了相互矛盾的发现。我们旨在通过探索侵入性记忆的侵入和回避以及记忆特征在抑郁的前瞻性预测中的作用来复制和扩展这些研究。在时间 1 ，混合的社区参与者样本（N=85）接受了访谈并完成了抑郁、焦虑和侵入性记忆特征的自我报告测量。在时间 2（6 个月后，N=64），重新评估了抑郁和焦虑症状。结果部分与假设一致，假设在基线和随访评估之间没有接受治疗的参与者亚组。基线侵入水平和一些记忆特征（不可控性、痛苦、干扰、麻木、分离）预测了随访时的抑郁，控制了基线抑郁症状。出乎意料的是，回避侵入性记忆和其他特征（例如，此时此地质量）并没有预测抑郁。侵入和回避水平并未预测随访时的焦虑。这些结果进一步证明，侵入性记忆不仅仅是抑郁的偶然现象，而是可以前瞻性地预测抑郁。我们的结果表明，需要新的、专门针对抑郁的理论，强调记忆障碍在抑郁维持中的作用。
