University of California Cooperative Extension, 5555 Overland Avenue, Suite 4101, San Diego, CA 92123-1250, USA.
J Environ Manage. 2011 Dec;92(12):3071-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.07.021. Epub 2011 Aug 23.
Integrated solutions are needed for sustainable management of risks posed by recreational boats to coastal water quality and ecosystems. Fouling organisms roughen vessel hull surfaces, creating friction that slows sailboats and increases fuel consumption by powerboats. Hull fouling control strategies for recreational boats that are stored in the water may include antifouling hull paints, newer alternative hull coatings, periodic in-water hull cleaning, and excluding propagules by surrounding the boat with a slip liner or raising it above water on a lift. Copper discharged to harbor waters from antifouling paints via passive leaching and in-water hull cleaning may elevate dissolved copper levels above government standards. Invasive species carried among boat-hull fouling organisms may be introduced as boats move among coastal areas. Some of these species tolerate copper in antifouling paints and copper-polluted harbor waters. Policy development must consider supply-side capacity, as well as economic and environmental sustainability, in managing these issues. This paper presents a supply-side evaluation useful in developing policies to co-manage water quality and invasive species risks for recreational boats navigating along the coasts of California, the Baja California peninsula and California's Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Supply-side perspectives on services, materials, costs, and boat owner behaviors, such as residence and travel patterns, awareness of hull-coating choices and selection of hull coatings, are determined. Analyses include evaluation of risks, risk management capacity and costs, and role of education in risk management. The issues raised are broadly applicable, as they are appearing on research and policy agendas in diverse coastal areas.
需要综合解决方案来可持续管理休闲船对沿海水域水质和生态系统构成的风险。污损生物会使船体表面变得粗糙，产生摩擦力，从而减缓帆船的速度，并增加机动船的燃料消耗。用于停泊在水中的休闲船的船体污损控制策略可能包括防污船体涂料、更新的替代船体涂层、定期进行水中船体清洁，以及通过在船周围使用滑衬垫或将船提升到水面以上来阻止传播体。防污涂料通过被动浸出和水中船体清洁向港口水域排放的铜可能会导致溶解铜水平超过政府标准。随着船只在沿海地区之间移动，可能会引入附着在船壳污损生物上的入侵物种。这些物种中的一些可以耐受防污涂料中的铜和受铜污染的港口水域。在管理这些问题时，政策制定必须考虑供应方的能力，以及经济和环境的可持续性。本文提出了一种供应方评估，可用于制定共同管理沿加利福尼亚州、下加利福尼亚半岛和加利福尼亚州萨克拉门托-圣华金三角洲沿海地区航行的休闲船的水质和入侵物种风险的政策。确定了对服务、材料、成本以及船主行为（如居住和旅行模式、对船体涂层选择的认识以及船体涂层的选择）的供应方观点。分析包括风险评估、风险管理能力和成本，以及教育在风险管理中的作用。所提出的问题具有广泛的适用性，因为它们出现在不同沿海地区的研究和政策议程中。
