Departamento de Calidad y Garantía Alimentaria, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, C/Mayor s/n, La Alberca, 30150 Murcia, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2011 Nov;85(8):1375-82. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.063. Epub 2011 Aug 27.
Laboratory and field studies were conducted in order to determine the leaching potential of eight pesticides commonly used during pepper cultivation by use of disturbed soil columns and field lysimeters, respectively. Two soils with different organic matter content (soils A and B) were used. Additionally, soil B was amended with compost (sheep manure). The tested compounds were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos-methyl, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, endosulfan, malathion and tolclofos-methyl. In soil B (lower organic matter content), only endosulfan sulphate, malathion and tolclofos-methyl were found in leachates. For the soil A (higher organic matter content) and amended soil B, pesticide residues were not found in the leachates. In addition, this paper reports on the use of common agronomic practices (solarization and biosolarization) to enhance degradation of these pesticides from polluted soil A. The results showed that both solarization and biosolarization enhanced the degradation rates of endosulfan, bifenthrin and tolclofos-methyl compared with the control. Most of the studied pesticides showed similar behavior under solarization and biosolarization conditions. However, chlorpyrifos was degraded to a greater extent in the solarization than in biosolarization treatment. The results obtained point to the interest in the use of organic amendment in reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage and in the use of solarization and biosolarization in reducing the persistence of pesticides in soil.
为了确定在种植辣椒过程中常用的 8 种农药的淋溶潜力，分别采用扰动土柱和田间渗滤池进行了实验室和田间研究。使用了两种具有不同有机质含量的土壤（土壤 A 和土壤 B）。此外，土壤 B 中添加了堆肥（羊粪）。测试的化合物有氯菊酯、毒死蜱-甲基、联苯菊酯、毒死蜱、氟氯氰菊酯、硫丹、马拉硫磷和甲基托氯磷。在有机质含量较低的土壤 B 中，仅在淋出液中发现了硫丹硫酸盐、马拉硫磷和甲基托氯磷。对于有机质含量较高的土壤 A 和添加堆肥的土壤 B，在淋出液中未发现农药残留。此外，本文还报道了采用常见的农业实践（太阳能消毒和生物太阳能消毒）来增强受污染土壤 A 中这些农药的降解。结果表明，与对照相比，太阳能消毒和生物太阳能消毒都提高了硫丹、联苯菊酯和甲基托氯磷的降解速率。大多数研究的农药在太阳能消毒和生物太阳能消毒条件下表现出相似的行为。然而，在太阳能消毒处理中，毒死蜱的降解程度大于生物太阳能消毒处理。研究结果表明，在减少农药淋溶污染地下水和利用太阳能消毒和生物太阳能消毒减少土壤中农药持久性方面，有机改良剂的使用具有重要意义。
