M.D. University, Department of Environmental Sciences, Rohtak 124001, India.
Environ Technol. 2011 Apr;32(5-6):467-91. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2011.572922.
The removal of heavy metal from the environment, especially wastewater, is now shifting from the use of conventional methods to the use of biosorption, which may be defined as the binding and concentration of selected heavy metal ions or other molecules on to certain biological material. Although most biosorption research concerns metal and related pollutants, including radionuclides, the term is now applied for particulates and all manner of organic pollutants as well. Such pollutants can be in gaseous, soluble and insoluble forms. Biosorption is a physical process carried out through mechanisms such as ion exchange, surface complexation and precipitation. It is a property of both living and dead organisms (and their components) and has been heralded as a promising biotechnology for pollutant removal from solution. Various biomasses such as plant products (tree bark, peanut skin, sawdust, plant weeds etc.) have been tested for metal biosorption with very encouraging results. In this comprehensive review, biosorptive ability of fungal biomass toward heavy metals is emphasized. A detailed description of adsorption properties and mode of action of fungal biosorbents is offered in order to explain the heavy metal selectivity displayed by these biosorbents. The cell structure and cell wall of the fungal cell is evaluated in terms of metal sequestration. The parameters influencing the passive uptake of pollutants are analysed. The binding mechanism is discussed, including the key functional groups involved in the process. Quantification of metal-biomass interactions is fundamental to evaluation of potential implementation strategies; hence sorption isotherms and sorption kinetics, as well as models used to characterize fungal biosorbent sorption, are reviewed. Despite the continuing dramatic increase in published research on biosorption, there has been little or no exploitation in an industrial context. Thus, the current status and future directions regarding biosorption at an industrial level are discussed. A systematic comparative review of the literature, based on the metal-binding capacity of fungal biomass under different conditions, is also provided. The problems associated with fungal biosorption are analysed and suitable remedies are discussed. Thus, this article reviews the achievements and current status of fungal biosorption technology and hopes to provide insights into future research.
从环境中去除重金属，特别是废水，现在正从使用传统方法转向使用生物吸附，生物吸附可以定义为将选定的重金属离子或其他分子结合并浓缩到某些生物材料上。虽然大多数生物吸附研究都涉及金属和相关污染物，包括放射性核素，但现在这个术语也适用于颗粒物质和各种有机污染物。这些污染物可以是气态的、可溶的和不溶的。生物吸附是一种通过离子交换、表面络合和沉淀等机制进行的物理过程。它是活的和死的生物体（及其成分）的一种特性，并被誉为从溶液中去除污染物的一种很有前途的生物技术。已经测试了各种生物质，如植物产品（树皮、花生皮、木屑、植物杂草等），用于金属生物吸附，结果非常令人鼓舞。在这篇全面的综述中，强调了真菌生物质对重金属的生物吸附能力。详细描述了真菌生物吸附剂的吸附特性和作用模式，以解释这些生物吸附剂对重金属的选择性。从金属螯合的角度评价了真菌细胞的细胞结构和细胞壁。分析了影响污染物被动吸收的参数。讨论了结合机制，包括该过程中涉及的关键功能基团。金属-生物质相互作用的量化对于评估潜在的实施策略至关重要；因此，综述了吸附等温线和吸附动力学，以及用于表征真菌生物吸附剂吸附的模型。尽管关于生物吸附的已发表研究持续急剧增加，但在工业方面几乎没有或没有得到利用。因此，讨论了在工业水平上生物吸附的现状和未来方向。还根据不同条件下真菌生物质的金属结合能力，对文献进行了系统的比较综述。分析了与真菌生物吸附相关的问题，并讨论了合适的补救措施。因此，本文综述了真菌生物吸附技术的成就和现状，并希望为未来的研究提供一些见解。
