Wang Jianlong, Chen Can
Laboratory of Environmental Technology, INET, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
Biotechnol Adv. 2009 Mar-Apr;27(2):195-226. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.11.002. Epub 2008 Dec 6.
A vast array of biological materials, especially bacteria, algae, yeasts and fungi have received increasing attention for heavy metal removal and recovery due to their good performance, low cost and large available quantities. The biosorbent, unlike mono functional ion exchange resins, contains variety of functional sites including carboxyl, imidazole, sulphydryl, amino, phosphate, sulfate, thioether, phenol, carbonyl, amide and hydroxyl moieties. Biosorbents are cheaper, more effective alternatives for the removal of metallic elements, especially heavy metals from aqueous solution. In this paper, based on the literatures and our research results, the biosorbents widely used for heavy metal removal were reviewed, mainly focusing on their cellular structure, biosorption performance, their pretreatment, modification, regeneration/reuse, modeling of biosorption (isotherm and kinetic models), the development of novel biosorbents, their evaluation, potential application and future. The pretreatment and modification of biosorbents aiming to improve their sorption capacity was introduced and evaluated. Molecular biotechnology is a potent tool to elucidate the mechanisms at molecular level, and to construct engineered organisms with higher biosorption capacity and selectivity for the objective metal ions. The potential application of biosorption and biosorbents was discussed. Although the biosorption application is facing the great challenge, there are two trends for the development of the biosorption process for metal removal. One trend is to use hybrid technology for pollutants removal, especially using living cells. Another trend is to develop the commercial biosorbents using immobilization technology, and to improve the biosorption process including regeneration/reuse, making the biosorbents just like a kind of ion exchange resin, as well as to exploit the market with great endeavor.
大量的生物材料，尤其是细菌、藻类、酵母和真菌，由于其良好的性能、低成本和大量可得性，在重金属去除和回收方面受到了越来越多的关注。与单功能离子交换树脂不同，生物吸附剂含有多种功能位点，包括羧基、咪唑、巯基、氨基、磷酸根、硫酸根、硫醚、酚羟基、羰基、酰胺基和羟基部分。生物吸附剂是从水溶液中去除金属元素，特别是重金属的更便宜、更有效的替代品。本文基于文献和我们的研究结果，对广泛用于重金属去除的生物吸附剂进行了综述，主要关注其细胞结构、生物吸附性能、预处理、改性、再生/再利用、生物吸附建模（等温线和动力学模型）、新型生物吸附剂的开发、评估、潜在应用及未来发展。介绍并评估了旨在提高其吸附能力的生物吸附剂预处理和改性方法。分子生物技术是在分子水平上阐明机制以及构建对目标金属离子具有更高生物吸附能力和选择性的工程生物体的有力工具。讨论了生物吸附和生物吸附剂的潜在应用。尽管生物吸附应用面临巨大挑战，但金属去除生物吸附过程的发展有两个趋势。一个趋势是使用混合技术去除污染物，特别是使用活细胞。另一个趋势是利用固定化技术开发商业生物吸附剂，并改进包括再生/再利用在内的生物吸附过程，使生物吸附剂类似于一种离子交换树脂，并大力开拓市场。
