Department of Entomology, Hultz Hall, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2011 Aug;104(4):1236-44. doi: 10.1603/ec11012.
Neotephritisfinalis (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and sunflower bud moth, Suleima helianthana (Riley) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are major head-infesting insect pests of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Planting date was evaluated as a cultural pest management strategy for control of N. finalis and S. helianthana in several production regions of North Dakota during 2009 and 2010. Results of the nine site-year study revealed that late planting date (early to mid-June) reduced damage ratings and percentage of damaged heads for N. finalis compared with early planting dates (mid- to late May). Visual observations of adult N. finalis found that the majority of flies were found in the early planted sunflower (78.2%) compared with the late planted sunflower (21.8%). Late planting date also reduced the percentage of S. helianthana damaged heads compared with early planting dates. Yield losses were reduced with late planting date when populations of N. finalis and S. helianthana were high enough to cause damage. Results of this study showed that delayed planting is an effective integrated pest management strategy that can reduce head damage caused by N. finalis and S. helianthana and mitigate yield losses.
终瘤姬小蜂（Neotephritisfinalis）（双翅目：瘿蚊科）和向日葵花蓟马（Suleima helianthana）（鳞翅目：卷蛾科）是向日葵（Helianthus annuus L.）的主要头部寄生性害虫。在 2009 年和 2010 年，北达科他州的几个生产地区评估了种植日期作为防治终瘤姬小蜂和向日葵花蓟马的文化害虫管理策略。该九地年研究的结果表明，与早期种植日期（5 月中旬至下旬）相比，晚种植日期（6 月初至中旬）可降低终瘤姬小蜂的伤害等级和受损头的百分比。对成年终瘤姬小蜂的观察发现，与晚种植的向日葵相比，大多数苍蝇发现于早种植的向日葵中（78.2%）。晚种植日期也降低了与早期种植日期相比受损的向日葵花蓟马头的百分比。当终瘤姬小蜂和向日葵花蓟马的种群数量高到足以造成损害时，晚种植日期会降低产量损失。本研究的结果表明，延迟种植是一种有效的综合害虫管理策略，可减少终瘤姬小蜂和向日葵花蓟马造成的头部损伤并减轻产量损失。
