Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
J Cell Biol. 2011 Sep 5;194(5):705-20. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201103103.
DNA double-strand break (DSB) resection, which results in RPA-bound single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), is activated in S phase by Cdk2. RPA-ssDNA activates the ATR-dependent checkpoint and homology-directed repair (HDR) via Rad51-dependent mechanisms. On the other hand, the fate of DSBs sustained during vertebrate M phase is largely unknown. We use cell-free Xenopus laevis egg extracts to examine the recruitment of proteins to chromatin after DSB formation. We find that S-phase extract recapitulates a two-step resection mechanism. M-phase chromosomes are also resected in cell-free extracts and cultured human cells. In contrast to the events in S phase, M-phase resection is solely dependent on MRN-CtIP. Despite generation of RPA-ssDNA, M-phase resection does not lead to ATR activation or Rad51 chromatin association. Remarkably, we find that Cdk1 permits resection by phosphorylation of CtIP but also prevents Rad51 binding to the resected ends. We have thus identified Cdk1 as a critical regulator of DSB repair in M phase. Cdk1 induces persistent ssDNA-RPA overhangs in M phase, thereby preventing both classical NHEJ and Rad51-dependent HDR.
DNA 双链断裂 (DSB) 的切除,导致 RPA 结合的单链 DNA (ssDNA),在 S 期被 Cdk2 激活。RPA-ssDNA 通过 Rad51 依赖性机制激活 ATR 依赖性检查点和同源定向修复 (HDR)。另一方面,脊椎动物 M 期持续存在的 DSBs 的命运在很大程度上是未知的。我们使用无细胞非洲爪蟾卵提取物来研究 DSB 形成后蛋白质在染色质上的募集。我们发现 S 期提取物再现了两步切除机制。无细胞提取物和培养的人类细胞也能切除 M 期染色体。与 S 期的事件相反,M 期的切除仅依赖于 MRN-CtIP。尽管产生了 RPA-ssDNA,但 M 期的切除不会导致 ATR 的激活或 Rad51 与染色质的结合。值得注意的是,我们发现 Cdk1 通过磷酸化 CtIP 来允许切除,但也阻止 Rad51 结合到切除的末端。因此,我们将 Cdk1 鉴定为 M 期 DSB 修复的关键调节剂。Cdk1 在 M 期诱导持续的 ssDNA-RPA 突出,从而防止经典的 NHEJ 和 Rad51 依赖性 HDR。
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