Social and Epidemiological Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, Canada.
Drug Alcohol Rev. 2011 Sep;30(5):554-63. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00252.x.
To develop new strategies for preventing violence in high-risk licensed premises, we identify behavioural indicators of apparent motives for aggression in these settings and outline the implications of different motivations for prevention.
The four types of motives for aggressive or coercive acts defined by the theory of coercive actions framed the research: gaining compliance, expressing grievances/restoring justice, attaining a favourable social identity and pursuing fun/excitement. Incidents of aggression from the Safer Bars evaluation research were analysed to identify behavioural indicators of each motivation.
Compliance-motivated aggression typically takes the form of unwanted social overtures, third party intervention to stop conflicts or staff rule enforcement. Prevention strategies include keeping the aggressor's focus on compliance to avoid provoking grievance and identity motives that are likely to escalate aggression. Grievance motives are typically elicited by perceived wrongdoing and therefore prevention should focus on eliminating sources of grievances and adopting policies/practices to resolve grievances peacefully. Social identity motives are endemic to many drinking establishments especially among male patrons and staff. Prevention involves reducing identity cues in the environment, hiring staff who do not have identity concerns, and training staff to avoid provoking identity concerns. Aggression motivated by fun/excitement often involves low-level aggression where escalation can be prevented by avoiding grievances and attacks on identity.
Knowledge of behavioural indicators of motives can be used to enhance staff hiring and training practices, reduce environmental triggers for aggression, and develop policies to reduce motivation for aggression.
为了制定预防高风险持牌场所暴力的新策略，我们确定了这些场所中明显攻击动机的行为指标，并概述了不同动机对预防的影响。
强制行动理论定义的四种攻击性或强制性行为动机：获得顺从、表达不满/恢复公正、获得有利的社会认同和追求乐趣/刺激。分析了更安全酒吧评估研究中的攻击事件，以确定每种动机的行为指标。
顺从动机的攻击通常表现为不想要的社交示好、第三方干预以阻止冲突或员工执行规则。预防策略包括让攻击者专注于顺从，以避免引起可能升级为攻击的不满和身份动机。不满动机通常是由感知到的不当行为引起的，因此预防应集中于消除不满的根源，并采取政策/实践来和平解决不满。社会认同动机在许多饮酒场所中普遍存在，尤其是在男性顾客和员工中。预防涉及减少环境中的身份线索，雇佣没有身份问题的员工，并培训员工避免引起身份问题。为了乐趣/刺激而引发的攻击通常涉及低水平的攻击，通过避免不满和攻击身份，可以防止升级。
对动机行为指标的了解可以用于加强员工招聘和培训实践，减少攻击的环境触发因素，并制定减少攻击动机的政策。
