Department of Psychological Medicine and Neurology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK.
Arch Dis Child. 2012 Mar;97(3):260-5. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2011-300482. Epub 2011 Sep 7.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects around 1-3% of children. There is a high level of comorbidity with developmental and learning problems as well as with a variety of psychiatric disorders. ADHD is highly heritable, although there is no single causal risk factor and non-inherited factors also contribute to its aetiology. The genetic and environmental risk factors that have been implicated appear to be associated with a range of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric outcomes, not just ADHD. The evidence to date suggests that both rare and multiple common genetic variants likely contribute to ADHD and modify its phenotype. ADHD or a similar phenotype also appears to be more common in extreme low birth weight and premature children and those exposed to exceptional early adversity. In this review, the authors consider recent developments in the understanding of risk factors that influence ADHD.
注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)影响约 1-3%的儿童。其与发育和学习问题以及各种精神障碍的共病率很高。ADHD 的遗传性很强,尽管没有单一的因果风险因素,非遗传因素也会导致其发病。目前涉及到的遗传和环境风险因素似乎与一系列神经发育和神经精神结局有关,而不仅仅是 ADHD。迄今为止的证据表明,罕见和多种常见的遗传变异可能与 ADHD 有关,并改变其表型。ADHD 或类似的表型在极低出生体重和早产儿以及经历过特殊早期逆境的儿童中也更为常见。在这篇综述中,作者考虑了影响 ADHD 的风险因素的最新研究进展。